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MODEL TO PROTOTYPE MULTIPLIER FOR

THE VARIABLES COMMONLY USED IN


MECHANICS UNDER FROUDE SCALING

GEOMETRY

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Length

Any characteristic
dimension of the object

Area

L2

Surface area or projected


area on a plane

Volume

L3

For any portion of the


object

Angle

None

e.g., between members or


solid angle

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Radius of Gyration

Moment of Inertia
Area

L4

Moment of Inertia
Mass

ML2

Taken about a fixed point

Center of Gravity

Measured from a reference


point

Measured from a fixed


point

KINEMATICS & DYNAMICS

VARIABLE
Time

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR REMARKS

1/2

Same reference point (e.g.,


starting time) is considered
as zero time

Acceleration

LT-2

Rate of change of velocity

Velocity

LT-1

1/2

Displacement

Position at rest is considered


as zero

Angular Acceleration

T-2

-1

Rate of change of angular


velocity

Angular Velocity

T-1

1/2

Rate of change of angular


displacement

Rate of change of
displacement

VARIABLE

UNIT

Angular Displacement

None

Zero degree is taken as


reference

Spring Constant
(Linear)

MT-2

Force per unit length of


extension

Damping Coefficient

MT-1

5/2

Resistance (viscous) against


oscillation

Damping Factor

None

Ratio of damping and


critical damping coefficient

1/2

Natural Period

SCALE FACTOR REMARKS

Period at which inertia


force = restoring force

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR REMARKS

Momentum

MLT-1

7/2

Mass times linear velocity

Angular Momentum

ML2T-1

9/2

Mass moment of inertia


times angular velocity

Torque

ML2T-2

Tangential force times


distance

Work

ML2T-2

Force applied times


distance moved

Power

ML2T-3

7/2

Rate of work

Impulse

MLT-1

7/2

Constant force times its


short duration of time

Force, Thrust,
Resistance

MLT-2

Action of one body on


another to change or tend
to change the state of
motion of the body acted
on

STATICS

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE
FACTOR

Stiffness

ML3T-2

Modulus of elasticity
times the moment of
inertia, EI

Stress

ML-1T-2

Force on an element per


unit area

Moment

ML2T-2

Applied force times its


from a fixed point

Shear

MLT-2

Force per unit cross


sectional area parallel to
the force

L3

Area moment of inertia


divided by the distance
from the neural axis to the
extreme fiber

Section Modulus

REMARKS

HYDRAULICS

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Kinetic Energy

ML2T-2

Capacity of a body for


doing work due to its
configuration

Pressure Energy

ML2T-2

Energy due to pressure


head

Potential Energy

ML2T-2

Capacity of a body for


doing work due to its
configuration

Friction Loss

ML2T-2

Loss of energy or work due


to friction

SCOUR

VARIABLE
Particle Diameter

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS
For same prototype
material

Free Settling Velocity

LT-1

Sediment Number

None

Nondimensional no. based


on velocity and particle
size

Shields Number

None

Nondimensional no. based


on velocity and particle
size

Final velocity of a freely


falling particle in a
medium

WAVE MECHANICS

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Wave Height

Consecutive crest to trough


distance

Wave Period

Wave Length

Celerity

LT-1

Time between two


successive crests passing a
point
Distance between two
successive crests at a given
time

Velocity of wave (crest, for


example)

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Particle Velocity

LT-1

Particle Acceleration

LT-2

Rate of change of
velocity of a water
particle

Particle Orbits

Path of a water
particle (closed or
open)

Wave Elevation

Form of wave
(distance from still
waterline)

Wave Pressure

ML-1T-2

Force exerted by a
water particle per
unit area

None

Dependence of
hydrodynamic
coefficients on this
parameter

Keulegan-Carpenter
Parameter

Rate of change of
movement of a
water particle

STABILITY

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Displacement (Volume)

L3

Volume of water moved


by a submerged object (or
part therof)

Righting & Overturning


Moment (Hard Volume)

ML2T-2

Moment about a fixed


point of a displaced
weight and dead weight,
respectively

Natural Period

Metacenter

Instantaneous center of
rotation

Center of Buoyancy

Distance of C.G. of
displaced volume from a
fixed point

Soft Volume

L3

Volume of trapped air in a


member

Buoyancy Pickup per


Unit Angle

L3

Increase in displaced
volume per unit tilt angle

Period of free oscillation


in still water due to an
initial disturbance

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

VARIABLE

UNIT

SCALE FACTOR

REMARKS

Density

ML-3

Mass per unit volume

Modulus of
Elasticity

ML-1T-2

Ratio of tensile or
compressive stress to
strain

Modulus of Rigidity

ML-1T-2

Ratio of shearing stress


to strain

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