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Outline
Frequency Analysis of Continuous-Time Signals
Frequency-Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals
Frequency- and Time-Domain Signal Properties
Properties of Fourier Transform for Discrete-Time Signals
Dr. Xinrong Li
Dr. Xinrong Li
Synthesis : x(t )
j 2kF0t
c
e
,
k
1
Tp
Tp
x(t )e
j 2kF0t
1
dt
Tp
x(t )
c e
j 2kF0t
1
Tp
cl e
Tp l
j 2lF0 t
j 2kF0t
j 2 ( l k ) F0t
j 2 (l k ) F0
c
l
Analysis : ck
1
dt
Tp
1
Tp
Tp
cl
x(t )e j 2kF0t dt
t 0 T p
t0
e j 2 ( l k ) F0t dt
t 0 T p
ck
t0
Dr. Xinrong Li
Tp
| x(t ) | dt
2
| c
|2
Dr. Xinrong Li
Example 4.1.1
Determine the Fourier series and the power density spectrum of the
Adt
T p T p / 2
T p / 2
Tp
ck
1
Tp
/2
j 2kF0t
dt
/ 2 Ae
A sin( kF0 )
,
T p k F0
A
Tp
j 2F0 kt
j
2
k
F
0
/2
/ 2
[k 1, 2, ...]
Dr. Xinrong Li
Dr. Xinrong Li
FT : X ( F ) x (t )e
j 2Ft
dt ,
1
ck
Tp
1
Tp
Tp / 2
T p / 2
j 2kF0 t
1
dt
Tp
x(t )e j 2kF0t dt
Tp / 2
T p / 2
x(t )e j 2kF0t dt
1
X ( kF0 )
Tp
x p (t )
Dr. Xinrong Li
| X ( F ) |2 dF
sin( F )
Solution:
X ( F ) x(t )e j 2Ft dt A
Dr. Xinrong Li
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Dr. Xinrong Li
x ( n)e
n 0
j 2kn / N
N 1 N 1
n 0
cl e
j 2ln / N
l 0
j 2kn / N
N 1
j 2 ( l k ) n / N
e
Nck
n 0
cl
l 0
N 1
11
N 1
2kn / N
Dr.
e j Xinrong
Li
n 0
Two
used identities:
,
otherwise
0often
a
n 0
1 a
Example 4.2.1
x(n) cos(n / 3)
f 0 1 / 6,
[signal is periodic only if f 0 is a rational number]
1 5
ck x(n)e j 2kn / 6 ,
6 n 0
k 0, 1, ..., 5
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Dr. Xinrong Li
N 1
1
|
x
(
n
)
|
N
n0
2
N 1
1
x
(
n
)
x
(
n
)
N
n0
*
x
(
n
)
n0
N 1
N 1
c e
k 0
* j 2kn / N
k
N 1
k 0
| ck | 2
N 1
13
1
N
AL in the figure.
Determine the Fourier series coefficients
,
N 1
x ( n )e
n 0
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j 2kn / N
1
N
L 1
Ae
n 0
j 2kn / N
A e jk ( L 1) / N sin( kL / N ) ,
N
sin( k / N )
k 0, N , 2 N , ...
otherwise
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Dr. Xinrong Li
signal:
FT : X ( w)
x(n)e jwn ,
Inverse FT : x(n)
1
2
2 X ( w)e
jwn
dw
1,
0,
X ( w)
1
2
1
x ( n)
2
x(0)
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Dr. Xinrong Li
| w | wc
wc | w |
1
2
1
X ( w)e jwn dw
2
X ( w)e jwn dw
wc
wc
dw
wc
e jwn dw
sin( wc n)
n
EENG 5610, UNT
X ( w)
x ( n)
16
1,
0,
x(n)e jwn
1
2
jwn
X ( w)e dw
Dr. Xinrong Li
| w | wc
wc | w |
sin( wc n)
n
X ( w)
17
sin( wc n) jwn
n e
n N
N
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| x (n) |
2
1
2
x (n) x (n)
*
| X ( w) |
1
2
x (n)
X * ( w)e jwn dw
dw
0 n L 1
A, 4.2.4
x(Example
n)
otherwise
0,
X (0) AL,
X ( w)
x ( n )e
jwn
Ae j ( w / 2 )( L 1)
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Dr. Xinrong Li
L 1
Ae
jwn
n 0
sin( wL / 2)
.
sin( w / 2)
1 e jwL
A
1 e jw
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X ( z)
x ( n) z n ,
ROC : r2 | z | r1
X ( z ) z re jw
x(n)(re
jw n
x(n)r n e jwn
x ( n)e
X ( w)
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Dr. Xinrong Li
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Dr. Xinrong Li
much smaller than the median frequency (F1 + F2)/2; otherwise, the signal
is called wideband signal.
A signal is band-limited if its spectrum is zero for | F | B.
A continuous-time finite-energy signal is band-limited if | X(F) | = 0 for | F | > B.
A discrete-time finite-energy signal is periodically band-limited if | X(w) | = 0 for
w0 < | w | < .
A signal is time-limited if x(t) = 0 for | t | > .
If the signal is periodic with period Tp, it is periodically time-limited if xp(t) = 0 for
arbitrarily small.
The narrower the signal becomes in the time domain, the larger the bandwidth of
Dr. Xinrong Li
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Dr. Xinrong Li
FT : X ( w) F {x(n)}
x ( n)e
jwn
1
2
X ( w)e jwn dw
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Dr. Xinrong Li
x ( n ) a | n| ,
| a | 1
x(n) x1 ( n) x2 ( n)
x1 (n) a n u (n),
X 1 ( w)
X 2 ( w)
x2 ( n) a n u ( n 1)
x1 (n)e
jwn
x2 ( n)e
a n e jwn
n 0
jwn
n jwn
1
1 ae jw
a e
n 1
jwn
ae jw
1 ae jw
1 a2
X ( w) X 1 ( w) X 2 ( w)
1 2a cos(w) a 2
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Dr. Xinrong Li
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Dr. Xinrong Li
Time shifting:
If F{x(n)} = X(w), then F{x(n k)} = e-jwk X(w).
This relation means that if a signal is shifted in time domain by k samples,
Convolution theorem:
If F{x1(n)} = X1(w), F{x2(n)} = X2(w), then F{x1(n)*x2(n)} = X1(w) X2(w).
The convolution theorem is one of the most powerful tools in linear system
rx1 x2 (l )
x1 (n) x2 (n l ),
F {rx1x2 (l )} S x1x2 ( w) X 1 ( w) X 2 ( w)
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Frequency shifting:
If F{x(n)} = X(w), then
F {e jw0 n x(n)} X ( w w0 )
1
F{x(n) cos(w0 n)} [ X ( w w0 ) X ( w w0 )]
2
1 jw0 n
e jw0 n ]
This theorem can be easily proved by notice that: cos(w0 n) [e
2
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Dr. Xinrong Li
Parsevals theorem:
E x rxx (0)
1
2
X 1 ( w) X 2 ( w)dw
*
| x ( n) | 2
1
2
1
2
2
| X ( w) | dw
1
2
S xx ( w)dw
Multiplication
two
sequences
F {xof
(
n
)
x
(
n
)}
X 1 ( ) X 2 ( w theorem):
)d
1
2
(windowing
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Dr. Xinrong Li