MODES OF SOLIDIFICATION

Submitted to:
Dr. D. K.
Dwivedi
Professor,
MIED
IIT, Roorkee

Presented by:
Aditya Kumar
15542001
M.Tech 1st Year
Welding
Engineering

Case Study
Objective: Influence of cooling rate on the
microstructure of stainless steel alloys and the
conditions that lead to many microstructural
morphologies that develop during solidification.
Experimental Details:
Material: Fe - Ni Cr alloy used.
Specific Parameters:
EB Surface Glazing
2-kw Power Level
Travel Speed- 6- 5000 mm/s

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Alloys:
Seven high-purity Fe-Ni-Cr ternary alloys were
fabricated with 59% Fe and a range of Cr/Ni ratios
that varied from 1.15 to 2.18.

Cooling-Rate Calculations
Relationships between the DAS and the cooling rate () have
been developed.

Contd
The results show that the primary DAS decreases from a value
of 42 m to 0.43 m for the highest travel speed.
The primary DAS results predict a cooling-rate variation of
more than six orders of magnitude, from 7 k/s to 7.5 10^6 k/s
for the highest speed melt.

Mapping the PSM as a Function of Cooling Rate

and Composition
The seven alloys containing 59 % Fe and varying Cr/Ni ratios
were cast and surface melted at six different travel speeds.
These specimens were analyzed by optical microscopy to
determine the primary mode of solidification.
Some of the surface melts showed more than one mode of
solidification throughout the cross section.
In these cases, the mode that was responsible for more than
50% of the microstructure was considered to be the dominant
mode.

Contd
The first PSM listed corresponds to the predominant mode.
Alloys 1, 2, and 3 solidify in primary austenite modes for all
cooling rates, whereas alloys 5, 6, and 7 solidify in primary
ferrite modes for all cooling rates.
Alloy 4 changes its mode of solidification from predominantly
primary ferrite at low cooling rates to entirely primary
austenite at high cooling rates.

Conclusions
In summary, 5 modes of solidification and 12 morphologies
were observed during the resolidification of the high-purity
Fe-Ni-Cr alloys.
The morphological features were shown to be related to the
alloy composition, the cooling rate, and the extent of the
solid-state transformation of ferrite.

Contd
The development of each of the 12 solidification
microstructures is listed in Table VII.
This summary is believed to represent the complete "set" of
possible solidification and solid-state transformation events
that occur during the resolidification of SST alloys.

References
Microstructural development during solidification of
stainless steel alloys.
Welding Metallurgy by Sindo Kou.
S. Katayama and A. Matsunawa: Proc. ICALEO,
1984, pp. 60-67.
S.A. David, J.M. Vitek, and T.L. Hebble: Weld. J.,
1987, vol. 66 (lo),
pp. 289-S-300-S.
J.W. Elmer: Sc.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,Cambridge, MA, 1988.

Thank you...