PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS

MODULE 8

PUMPS FOR WATER SUPPLY

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What is a Pump?
In about 120 BC someone, probably the Greek mathematician Ctesibius,
invented the first force pump. It had 2 cylinders with single acting pistons,
connected to a single beam so that they delivered an almost continuous
stream of water.

Pump is an equipment used to transfer fluid from a

region of low pressure to another region at same or
higher pressure. (PSME Code 1993)

Pump A device or machine that compresses and/or

transports fluids usually by pressure or suction, or both;
may be used to remove water from a construction site or
to convey water from one elevation to another. (Harris,
C.M.; Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, 1975)
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Pump Selection:
DESIGN OF PUMPS
1. In the absence of electric power
Data needed to purchase
and in cases of isolated small
population, hand pumps are
pumps:
recommended because of higher
1. Pump Discharge (Q)
capital, maintenance and
2. Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
operating costs of diesel or
gasoline engine driven pumps.
Pump Discharge or Capacity
2. If the well water depth is 6 meters
of Pump:
or less, use centrifugal pumps
1. If the pump is used directly to
(maximum suction lift = 6.00 m).
supply water, the capacity
3. If the well water depth is 6 to 20
must be equal to the maximum
meters, use jet pumps.
hour demand.
4. If the well water depth is more
2. If the water distribution system
than 20.00 meters, use
has a reservoir, the pump
submersible pumps or vertical
capacity must be equal to the
line shaft turbine pumps.
maximum day demand
Pump operating Time = at Least
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP
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at- CEBU
least 8 12 hours

What are the different classifications

of pumps?

The different classifications of pumps are categorized as

follows:
1. As to Operating Principle
2. As to Casing Design
3. As to Mounting
4. As to Connection with Driver
(Motor or Engine)
5. As to Construction Materials

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Classification of Pumps as to
Operating Principle:

1. Centrifugal Type
a. Radial Flow
b. Axial Flow
c. Mixed Flow
2. Positive Displacement
Type
a. Reciprocating Piston
b. Reciprocating Plunger
c. Rotary Blades
d. Rotary Roots
e. Screw Types
f. Gear

3. Turbine Type
a. Axial Flow
b. Mixed Flow

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Classification of Pumps as
to Casing Design:
1. Horizontal Split Case
2. Vertical Split Case
3. Submerged
Classification of Pumps as
to Mounting:
1. Base Mounted
2. In line Mounted

Horizontal Split Case

Vertical Split Case

In line Mounted

Submerged

Base Mounted

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Classification of Pumps as to
Connection with Driver:
1. Flexible Coupled
2. Case Coupled
3. Belt Driven
Classification of Pump as to
Construction Materials:
1. Cast Iron
2. Stainless Steel
3. Bronze
4. Concrete
5. Plastic
6. Fiberglass

IMPELLER

MOTOR

PUMP

Case Coupled

Belt Driven
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What are the Classifications of Pumps?

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Pumps are generally referred to according to their

principle of action, manner of construction or
method of operation.

Centrifugal Pump (Built by Osborne Reynolds, 1875) A vane or

impeller rotate inside a close-fitting case, draw in liquid at the center and,
by virtue of centrifugal force, throw liquid out through an opening in the
periphery of the case.
1. The higher the speed of rotation, the greater the volume that can be
pumped or the greater the head that can be generated.
2. The recommended suction lift is 4.5 meters and should not exceed 6
meters. Therefore, if the well water depth is 6 meters or less, use
centrifugal pump
3. A centrifugal pump cannot operate unless the pump casing is full of
water. For the pump to begin developing a suction at the eye of the
pump, the case will have to be filled with water or primed.
4. Care must be taken to ensure that air is not present in the casing and
whenever possible the suction should be of the positive or flooded type.
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Centrifugal Pump:

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What is a Submersible Pump?

Submersible

Pump is basically a
centrifugal pump
complete with electric
motors which are
positioned underwater
in a suitable bored
hole that delivers the
water to the surface.
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What are the important considerations for

accurate Submersible Pump selection?

Well Diameter indicates the size of

the pump to be installed.

Drawdown the vertical distance or the

difference between the Pumping Water
Level and the Static Water Level.

Pump Setting the nominal vertical

distance (in meters) from Datum to the
discharge pipe connection at the pump.

Pumping Water Level the vertical

distance from the Datum Line to the water

level when specified capacity is being
pumped. During the pumping test, Pumping
Water Level is the depth of water when the
amount of water withdrawn from the well &
the amount of replenishment of water to the
well is equal.

expressed in cubic meters per hour or liters

per second to be produced by the pump.

Well Depth indicates the Static Water

Level, the vertical distance from the surface

(Datum Line) to the water level when no
water is being pump.

Pump Capacity volume rate of flow

Water Composition make-up of the

water to be pumped.

Type of Drive the specification of the

available power source (single phase or 3
phase)

Allowable Motor Overload

percentage of rated motor main plate power

(in kilowatts or horsepower) that will be
permitted to be used.

Head above Datum indicates the

Total Discharge Head (Static plus Friction)

between Datum line & point of
measurement.
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Submersible Pump:

Well Diameter

Drawdown

Well Depth

Pump Setting

Discharge Pipe

Submersible Pump
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Positive Displacement Pumps:

Reciprocating and Rotary

Reciprocating Pump A pump which operates with a to and fro

motion. The different types of Reciprocating Pump are:

1. Lift Pump The simplest of the reciprocating pump and consists of a

piston moving up and down in a cylinder or barrel.
A Lift Pump cannot be used to raise water above 7.50 to 8.50 meter at
normal atmospheric pressure (101 kPa) due to:
a. Loss of efficiency in the pump
b. Friction in the intake pipe
c. Impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum
2. Piston or Plunger Pump A plunger is driven backwards &
forwards, or up & down by a mechanical working head.
3. Deep well Piston Pump When water is more than 7.50 meters
below the ground, it is virtually necessary to place the pump in or near the
water in the well and pump from there. Water is forced up the drop pipe and
out into the delivery pipe.
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START OF UPSTROKE

A LIFT PUMP / HAND PUMP

FOLLOWING
DOWNSTROKE

NEXT UPSTROKE
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The Working Cycle of a Piston Pump

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A Deep Well Piston Pump

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What is a Diaphragm Pump?

A Diaphragm Pump is a displacement pump in which a flexible diaphragm

replaces the piston in other displacement pumps. The diaphragm is of
leather or heavy gauge rubber. The upward movement of the diaphragm
has the same effect as the upward movement of the piston; the outlet valve
closes & the inlet valve opens & admits water. The downward movement of
the diaphragm causes the inlet valve to close & water is forced into the
discharge pipe.

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What is a Rotary Pump?

A Rotary Pump is used primarily as a source of fluid power in hydraulic

system. It continuously scoops the liquid from the pump chamber.

It is classified with respect to the impelling element as:

1. Gear Type
2. Vane Type
3. Piston Type

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What is a Jet Pump?

A Jet Pump is a pump consisting

revolving impeller in the pump
housing which forces water down
a pressure line to an ejector
assembly below water level. This
ejector consists of a nozzle which
discharges the water into a
constricted throat. This throat
leads from a suction pipe. This
arrangement permits energy of a
high pressure fluid to be converted
into a high velocity fluid.

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What is a Hydraulic Ram or Ram

Pump?

Hydraulic Ram uses the energy

of falling water to raise a smaller
quantity of water to greater
heights. It is a pump in which the
power generated from flowing in
an enclosed pipe is used to raise
part of the water to a height above
that from which the flow began.

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What is the Pump Performance

Curve?

The characteristic curve of a

pump describes the factors
that affect its performance.
They are usually expressed
graphically with the rate of
discharge (Q) as abscissa &
other factors plotted as
ordinates, such as the Head
(H), & the Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH). All
pump manufacturers supply
performance characteristic
curves for their pumps which
indicate how the pump
capacity varies with
discharge pressure or
suction pressure.

Source: IBARRA
PUMPS
Sample of Pump Performance Curve

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Source: GRUNDFOS
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Duty Point & Pump Efficiency

Source: GRUNDFOS
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NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

Low pressure at the suction
side of a pump can
encounter the fluid to start
boiling with
reduced efficiency
cavitation
damage
of the pump as a result.
Boiling starts when the
pressure in the liquid is
reduced to the vapor
pressure of the fluid at the
actual temperature.
To characterize the potential for boiling and cavitation, the
difference between the total head on the suction side of the pump
(close to the impeller) and the liquid vapor pressure at the actual
temperature, can be used
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Available NPSH (NPSHa)

The Net Positive Suction Head made available the suction system for the
pump is often named NPSHa The NPSHa can be determined during design
and construction, or determined experimentally from the actual physical
system.

NPSHa : The Pump is Above the Tank

If the pump is positioned above the tank, the elevation (he) is

positive and the NPSHa decreases when the elevation of the
pump increases.
At some level the NPSHa will be reduced to zero and the fluid
starts to evaporate.

NPSHa: The pump is Below the Tank

If the pump is positioned below the tank, the
elevation (he) is negative and the NPSHa
increases when the elevation of the tank
decreases (lowering the pump).
Ii is always possible to increase NPSHa by
lowering the pump (as long as the major and
minor head loss due to longer pipe do not
increase it more. This is important and it is
common to lower the pump when the pumping
fluids close to evaporation temperature.

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Required NPSH (NPSHr)

The NPSHr as the Net Positive Suction Head as required by the pump
in order to prevent cavitation for safe and reliable operation of the
pump.
The required NPSHr for a particular pump is in general determined
experimentally by the pump manufacturer and a part of the
documentation of the pump.

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How do we select the type of pump to be

used?
PUMP
CAPACITY

1,200 to
2,400 LPH
(300 600 GPH)

2,400 to
4,500 LPH
(600 1200 GPH)

Over 4,500
LPH
(over 1200 GPH)

DEPTH OF WELL
0 to 8.00 m

8.00 to
18.00 m

18.00 to
27.00 m

27.00 to
46.00 m

46.00 m and
over

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Jet

Pump
Jet Pump
Deep Well
Reciprocating
Pump

Pump
Jet Pump
Deep Well
Reciprocating
Pump

Pump
Deep Well
Reciprocating
Pump
Submersible
Pump

Jet

Pump
Jet Pump
Piston Pump

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Pump
Jet Pump
Plunger Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Submersible

Pump
Jet Pump
Plunger Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Pump
Jet Pump

Pump

Pump

Pump
Deep Well
Reciprocating
Pump
Submersible
Pump

Pump Selection Rule of Thumb: 1. If the well water depth is 6 meters or less, use Centrifugal Pump.
2. If the well water depth is 6 to 20 meters, use Jet Pump.
3. If the well water depth is more than 20 meters, use Submersible Pump or
Vertical In-Line Shaft Turbine Pumps.
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 END

OF PRESENTATION

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