Power System State

Estimation
Suvra Pattanayak

Power System State

Estimation(Introduction)
Power system state estimation is defined as the act of
estimating the state of the network from the redundant
telemetry measurements. Static state estimation refers
to the procedure of obtaining the voltage phasors at all
of the system buses at a given point in time. This can
be achieved by direct means which involve very
accurate synchronized phasor measurements of all bus
voltages in the system. However, such an approach
would be very vulnerable to measurement errors or
telemetery failures.

Power System State

Estimation(Introduction)
Instead, state estimation procedure makes use of a set
of redundant measurements in order to filter out such
errors and find an optimal estimate. The measurements
may include not only the conventional power and
voltage measurements, but also those others such as
the current magnitude or synchronized voltage phasor
measurements as well. Simultaneous measurement of
quantities at different parts of the system is practically
impossible, hence a certain amount of time skew
between measurements is commonly tolerated. This
tolerance is justified due to the slowly varying operating
conditions of the power systems under normal
operating conditions..

Data for State Estimation

1. Network data
2. Measured Data
(i) Real Power (P)
(ii) Reactive Power (Q)
(iii) Real Line Flow (Pij)
(iv) Reactive Line Flow (Qij)
(v)Magnitude of Line current( [Iij] )
(vi) Voltage magnitude ([V])

Least Squares Estimation & Weighted Least Squares

Estimation
If the number of equations(linear or non linear ) is more
than the no of variables to be determined least squares
estimation is used to find a compromising solution. First let
us discuss the linear least square problem ,then we turn
our attention to the non linear and weighted least square
problems.
The linear least square problem is determined as follows.
Determine X which satisfy the set of equations
A*X=b
(1)

Least Squares Estimation & Weighted Least Squares

Estimation

where A is a m X n matrix where m is the number of

linear equations.
X =[x1 x2 ...xn] the solution vector of nX1 ,where m>n
so A is not a square matrix it's rank may be equal or
less than 'n'.
To solve this system of equations the concept of least
squares is used.

Least Squares Estimation & Weighted Least Squares

Estimation
The variable J is the summation of least squares. The solution
vector which minimize the J is called least squares solution.
J=(A*X-b)T*(A*X-b)
..(2)
By applying khun tucker conditions the condition for
optimality can be derived as
AT*A*X=AT*b
..(3)