Introduction

1.1 The back ground of the hosting company

- Sur construction P.L.C is established by the endowment found of rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT)
in 1992.
Initial capital of 108 million birr as a general contractor grade (Gc-1)
Involved in the construction of gravel, surface treatment and Asphalt road construction .
1.2 The back ground of the project (Mana Begna Lemlem Berha )
Located in Oromia regional state, Horo Guduru Weallage Zone.
Starts at Addis Gedo- Fincha Trunk at mana Begna Village .
Mana Begna Village is about 255.5 km fro m Addis
The Road Project section has a total length of 61 .5km.
13. The company Vision
Committed to be the center of excellence for the local construction industry
1.4 The company mission
Have a extra ordinary role in supporting the economic development endeavor of the nations .
Provide efficient and effective construction services and meet customers expectation to higher level .
Ensure sustainable profitability and wealth growth of the company .

cont
1.5 The Company Quality Policy
The company in line with its vision and mission is strongly committed to execute infrastructure and
development construction project in both government and private sectors with highest quality standard.
The management is dedicated to review for continual suitability of the systems and create conditions.
Topography of the project area
The road project starts from flat terrain at mana Begna (2320m) altitude and on wards to rolling terrain at
Kombolcha town(2321 m alt)S and flat terrain at Fincha Sugar Factory.
Table 1.2.1 Topography of the project area

Station (km)
From

To

Terrain

0+00

47+300

Flat to rolling

47+300

52+300

Escapement

52+300

61+500

Flat

Cont.
Mont
h

Jan

Feb

Marc
h

April

May

Jun

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Rainf
all
(mm)

199

23.3

29.7

50.9

79.1

126.
1

154.
5

113.
3

72.1

38.6

23.8

9.1

Table 1.2.2. Mon tly rain fall record

The project can be classified as Woinadega (Moderate ) with atempareture range

between 10.7 c and 33.6 c

The mean annual rainfall 2000mm 2400mm

2.The main product or services

It accomplished more than 31 road projects (appr. 2848 km)

and ore 44 varies building projects

Currently constructing the highest concrete core embankment
dam (Walkay t -May Day Dam )
Tekeze bridge , 426m ,which is the highest brigde in Ethiopia.
Two air field and two hydropower projects .

3. The main customers or the end users of the products

Professional (skilled man )
Unskilled labour
Local society of the area
Passengers
Tourists
ERA (client )
Fincha sugar factory .

4.The overall organization and work flow

The work flow in construction section are look like : Project

manager- senior contractor Engineer Site engineer

Formen Assistane formen Time keeper
=>labuorworker.The work flow in material production look
like: project manager material Engineer material
inspector laboratory technicial labour work. The work
flow in work office section look like project manager senior
constructor office engineers secretary .In general the
Company work flow shown in figure 4.1

Work Pieces or work tasks

Earth work, 1st and 2nd sub base layer structure .
Drainage, pipe and slab culvert structures .
Surveying works (layout, pointing, grading)
Base coarse
Prime coat
Asphalt concrete
Laboratory works

Cont.
Layout :

Depend on the aim to determine the foundation excavation of the foundation shown as fig 5.1

Pointing :- Depending on BM(Bench Mark) and checking the north and east dimension to give the structure
dimension and alignment.
Grading : Are the way of the structure specially giving the layer of the road by giving proper way, looking
its grade as lining the cut and fill place .
It depend on the slope of the road by giving the percent (+%) or (-%).

Sub base: Is the spreading layer which enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable level on the sub

grade .
Its base materials are from sand or gravel deposits
The four day soaked CBR is 30%
CBR is determined as design of 95% maximum dry density .

Cont...

The required compaction is 97%

The PI values are in the range of 6-12
The LL is 54-60
The swell property is 0.7% - 2%
Its total thickness 27cm

Base courses
Produced by crushing fresh quirred rock
Crushed materials is regular in shape with flakiness index of less than 35%
Its maximum dry density is 98%
Its PI value is 6(minimum)
Its thickness 80% after four day immersion in water
Its thickness 20cm
Table 2 testing frequency .

Prime coat
Where surface treatment is to be applied to a previous un treated
The depth of penetration is 3-10mm
The priming material is Mc- 30 or MC -70 cut back
Application rate is 0.6 -1.0 lit/m2 but for quantity estimation application rate of

0.85 lit/m2 is use

Asphalt cement : Concrete are in consistency from solid to semi liquid at room temperature.
The majority of penetration grade bitumen is used in the road construction, the
harder grade 35 pen to 100 pen .
A 50mm thickness as asphaltic surfacing mixture with 60/70 penetration grade
bitumen selected.
Based on DS4 standard and T5(3.0-6.0)* 106 ESA Traffic classes.
The proportion of the aggregates sizes that the project uses as follow table. 3
The bitumen content that targeted, the results of perimeters such as air voids (36%), voids in mineral aggregate (3-5%), flow (2-4mm) ,voids with asphalt VFA
(65-75%) and selected at 5% .

Principle of mix design of bitumen mix

Involves choose of aggregate type, aggregate grading bitumen grade and bitumen content .
Bruce marshal design method is selected in his original method in the project work.
Suitable for the design and field control of HMA mixtures containing with max. size 19mm .
Mixing is done by hand with bowl capacity of approximately 4 lit.
Temperature of compaction is between 135-160c of aggregate and bitumen 135-165oc

Consideration in mix design

Stability:It is ability of asphalt to resist deformation, from imposed load.
Function of the frictional and inter locking resistance of the aggregate in mix.
It depend on both internal friction & cohesion .
Cohesion: It is the property of an asphalt paving mixture that describes its ability to resist the
determination of effects of air, water, temperature and traffic.
It enhanced by high asphalt contents , impervious mixtures.

Consideration in mix design

Stability:It is ability of asphalt to resist deformation, from imposed load.
Function of the frictional and inter locking resistance of the
aggregate in mix.
It depend on both internal friction & cohesion .
Cohesion: It is the property of an asphalt paving mixture that describes its
ability to resist the determination of effects of air, water,
temperature and traffic.
It enhanced by high asphalt contents , impervious mixtures.

Cont...
It is necessary to compromise, keeping the asphalt content as high as possible while
maintaining adequate stability .
Flexibility: It is the ability of an asphalt paving mixture to be able to bend slightly what cracking and
of base and sub grade.
It enhanced by asphalt contents and selectively open graded aggregates
Fatigue resistance:o It is the ability of asphalt pavement with stand repeated flexing(bend, loosen
warm,contract, caused by the passage of wheel loads .
o The higher asphalt content greater the fatigue resistance.
Skid resistance:It s the ability of the asphalt paving mixture, particularly when wet, offer resistance to
shipping or skidding.
Proper asphalt contents and aggregate with rough surface textures are the greatest
contributors to good resistance .

Objective of Asphalt mix design

To determine un economical blend and graduation of aggregate and corresponding asphalt content .
Properties of asphalt aggregate.
W/c provide stability by the interlocking of the aggregate particle and by their frictional resistance
to displacement.
Determination of design bitumen content.
The design bitumen content is at 5% is 4.3 and 75 blows at each face of compaction.
Drainage (structure) works
It is the system or the process by w/c water or other liquids are drained from a place .
It facilitates how the water does not stay on the road.
It has d/t type depend on types of the way off drained the water flow discharge, such as:

Culverts
Bridges
Ditches etc.

Culverts : It is one of the main structures that is designed hydrualicaly to take advantage of sub mergence, to
increase hydruallic capacity and convey surface run off through embank

Cont...
It is usually covered with embankments and composed of structural material around the entire perimeter.
Its center line span lengths is 6m
It can be classified as pipe culverts and slab culverts and also shown as figure 10.1

Slab culvert : It used where there is no bridges is hydrualicaly required .

It is more economical than bridge.
It is more needed than pipe culvert specially ate
The place of existing small river, crossing the road that ha high wide.
Pipe culvert: Used where the maximum high flow rate of water doest not exist and less fill material exists.
Used in place of low discharge flow and the flow w/c coming as the flood way.
Ditch or open chute:It constructed from cement mortared stone with the ration of 1:3
It use comment type of class C type and at junction type A class.
It uses reinforcement with diameter of 8 and 10 bars.
It used to protect the deformation of the structure.
Along the two direction the slopes is buttress to provide good filling of the materials along the junction
as the figure 12

Office work
The office work we have been performed are:-

We

familiar with the contract document of the projects.

Referring temples (working drawings )
How to compiling the data, reporting system.
How to quantify the materials.
How to quantify the materials.
Challenges that have been faced while we performing our tasks.
Lack of transport service.
In a low level areas subsurface of water.
Siltation problem in some culvert areas
The delaying primed coat time
The delaying of primed coat time
Erosion problem along the both side of the rod.
The measure we have taken to over come the problem.
The project used crushed stone by increasing its thickness in order to drain the water.
We use a grass, along the side of the road, where the side of the road erroded by the erosion or
high rainfall.
To decrease siltation, we use proper out let of the pipe how it flows freely of water.

Challenges that have been faced while

we performing our tasks.
Lack of transport service.
In a low level areas subsurface of water.
Siltation problem in some culvert areas
The delaying primed coat time
The delaying of primed coat time
Erosion problem along the both side of the rod.

The knowledge we improved in the

internship are:
Communicating skills
Leadership skills
Sociable skills
Team work skills
Punctuality skills
Adaption of problem skills

We have gained from our practical

works are:

How to get into the work

To know the step of the work
To know how to write report
How to estimate the quantity of material etc
How to change the theoretical knowledge into the
practical knowledge

Conclusion
SUR- construction PLC in established by the endowement fund for rehabilitation of Tigray
(EFFORT) in 1992 with an initial capital of 108 million birr as general contractor Grade One
(GC-1)
The mana Begna Lemlem Berha is located in Oromia regional state, Horo Guduru
Wollega Zone. The road project starts ate the junction AA- Gedo Fincha trunk at mana Begna
village. The Mana Begna village is about 255.5 km for from AA.The road project proceeds in
the northerly direction to wards fincha Sugar factory.
The work pieces or work task which we have been executing are earth work (1 st and 2nd base
layer), structure (drainage) pipe and slab culvert) surveying works (pointing, layout, Grading)
of the layers base, prime coat, Asphalt plant, crusher, Asphalt concrete and laboratory works
and office works.
The sub- base is the load spreading layer which enables traffic stress to be reduced to
acceptable levels on the sub grade that act as working plat form for the construction of the
upper pavement layers separating the sub- grade and the base coarse .

The base coarse materials is produced by crushing fresh, quarry rock usually termed a
crush run or a alternatively the material may be separated by screening and re- combined to
produce a desired particle size distribution, as per the specifications .

Cont...
A culvert can be a structure as distinguished, from bridge, that is usually

covered with embankments and composed of structural material round the

entire perimeter. The slap culverts are more economical than bridge, where
there is no hydrualically required pipe culvert also used where the
maximum high flow rate of water does not exist and less fill material excite.
Cement is one part of the concrete for structures which is used as the
binder.
Prime coats where a surface treatment is to be applied to a previous
untreated road surface it is essential that the surface should be dry, clean
and as dust free as possible. On Granural, cement or lime stabilized surfaces
a prime coat of bitumen enshures that this conditions are met. The depth of
penetration of the prime is between 3-10 mm and the quantity sprayed such
that surface dry within 24 hours.

Cont...
The tack coat where surface treatment is to be applied tack coat is RC-70

cut back bitumen compiling with AASHTO M81 or M82 as applicable.

The paving binders are common to blend two or more different asphaltic
residue to produce a material possessing desirable physical properties.
Asphalt cement/ concrete are in consistency from semi- solid to semiliquid at room temperature, such bitumens are graded according to their
viscosity and penetration.
The asphalt concrete mix design work is consist of furnishing and
aggregates and asphalt binder additive at stationary mixing plant, to
specified temperature, transporting, laying and compacting the mixture on
an approved primed in accordance with the specification and in
conformity with the line grades and typical cross sections shown in the
drawings.

Cont...
Marshal Design method and process of the work that is recommended by

our project specification is suitable for the design and field control of HMA
mixtures containing with a maximum size up to 19mm.
In specification for testing of soils reference is frequently made to the
standard methods of testing such as BS, ASTM and AASHTO to a large
extent the same type of methods are used all over the world. However,
when actually performing test it is of the at most importance that the
specified standards be followed precisely as small differences in the testing
procedures may have a noticeable influence on the test result those test are
particle size distribution, water content , Atterberg limit, compaction, FDT,
CBR and core density test.

Recommendation
As we joined the company we would like to recommend to the company
managers and workers specially on the site worker, for the uses of the material
donot need to use with the given period of time effectively and efficiently. During
the mix proportion of the material needed the lack of properly mix design of base
course, with fine and aggregate course with the given amount of water to protect
moisture content. It also the lack of properly used material especially in place of
structure work ( cement, sand and Aggregate ratio), eroded of base course due to
the lack of compaction and etc .

Reference

AASHTO

Asphalt concrete mix design MS- 2 Asphalt institute

(USA)
Asphalt Hand Book Ms-4 asphalt institute (U- S-A)
Final soil and material report, detailed engineering design
of the project.
ERA drainage design manual 2002
Contract document of the project

Appendixes
AA- Addis Abeba
AASTO- American Association System of Transportation & High way

Organization
AC- Asphalt Concrete/ cement/
BM- Bench Mark
CBR Californian Bearing ration
DSN - Design Standard number
EFFORT- Endowment fund for rehabilitations of Tegray
ERA Ethiopian Road Authority
ESA- Equivalent Standard Axle
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FDT Field density test
FSF- Fincha Sugar Factory
FC-1 Contractor Grade one
GMM- Maximum Specific gravity

Cont...
LHS- Left Hand Side
LL- Liquid Limit
LI- Liquid index
MC- Medium Cu
OMC Optimum Moisture content
OPC- Ordinary Portland cement
PP Percentage of passing
PI- Plasticity Index
PPC- Pozzlana Port land cement
PL- Plasticity Limit
PM- Maximum Plasticity
RCC- Reinforced Concrete Cement
RSDP- Road sector Development Programme
SL Shrinkage Limit
VFA- Voids Fived With Asphalt
WN- Natural Moisture