Introduction

by

Eric Mayo Dagradi, dr, M.Kes,AIF

(Head of Physiology Department)

The

term human physiology and its research

objectives.
Fundamental characters of living organism:
Metabolism, excitability and reproduction.
Regulation of physiological activities : Nervous
regulation, humoral regulation, autoregulation.
Cybernetic & automatic control system :
Negative feedback, positive feedback, feed
forward control.

Specific
characteristics
and
mechanisms of
the human
body make it a
living being.

Levels of physiological research

Metabolism : It is the ability to use energy to

perform vital functions such as growth,
movement, and reproduction.
Excitability and Responsiveness : An
organism is responsive if it can sense
(excitability) changes in the environment and
make adjustments that help maintain its life.
Reproduction :
The formation of new cells or new
organisms.
Is reproduction a homeostatic function???

Maintenance

of static
or constant conditions
in the internal
environment

Concentration of O2 and CO2

Concentration of nutrients and waste products
pH of internal environment
Concentration of salts and other electrolytes
Volume, temperature and pressure of extra
cellular fluid

Nervous regulation

Humoral regulation

Autoregulation

 Reflex

Knee jerk reflex

Receptor
Afferent (sensory) nerve
Reflex centre (Brain or spinal
cord)
Efferent (Motor) nerve
Effector

Humoral regulation
by hormone

Intrinsic ability of an organ to

maintain constant normal environment
independent of neural and hormonal
influences.
Eg: Autoregulation of blood flow despite of
changes in perfusion pressure.
(By metabolic and myogenic mechanisms)

Cybernetics is the theoretical

study of control processes in
electronic, mechanical, and
biological systems

The analysis of flow of information in a system

Negative feedback mechanism

Positive feedback mechanism

Feed forward mechanism

When some factor

becomes excessive or
deficient, a control system
initiates negative
feedback, which consists
of a series of change that
return the factor toward a
certain mean value, thus
maintaining homeostasis
Arterial pressure
regulating mechanism by
baroreceptors.
Regulation of CO2 in
extracellular fluid.
Regulation of hormone
release.

Positive implies that, when a deviation

from a normal value occurs, the response
of the system is to make the deviation
even greater.

(Why is positive feedback also called vicious cycle)

Eg : Inadequate delivery of blood to

cardiac muscle due to bleeding.

Stretching of
uterine
cervix during
parturition.

Action
potential
propagation.

Hemostasis (Blood coagulation)

When response has to occur rapidly, the

brain uses a principle called feed forward
control.
Seen mainly in nervous system. Eg:

Conditioned reflex

Adaptive control.

Text book of medical physiology, Guyton

& Hall. 11th edition.
Review of Medical Physiology, William F.
Ganong. 22nd edition.
Web sites: www.physiol.net
www.biotopics.co.uk

1.

Eric Mayo Dagradi, dr, M.Kes, AIF

(Kepala

Bagian Ilmu Faal )

2.

S. Djoni Husodo, dr, M.Kes.

(Koordinator

Pendidikan Ilmu Faal)

3.

Indri N. Rahayu, dr, M.Kes.

(Koordinator Praktikum

Ilmu Faal )
4.

Dody Taruna, dr.

(Koordinator Ilmu Kesehatan

Olahraga)
5.
6.

Asami, dr.
Nungki, drg, M.Kes

(Koordinator Kedokteran Gigi)