Energy

Conservation
In different Scenarios

Importance of Energy
Conservation

85% of primary energy comes from nonrenewable sources

Energy Efficiency
Modifying processes without affecting
output to save more energy

Energy Conservation
Reducing power consumption by limiting
equipment use; may affect comfort level

Had to use a mixture of both

Energy Conservation in Diesel

Generators

Selection Criteria for Prime mover : Power & Speed

Engine power : 20% more than Generator Rating:- For over load
conditions
Speed : maximum efficiency near synchronous speed.
Low speed diesel engine is more efficient than high speed : prompting
usage of Gear system.

Advantages of DG System

Low installation cost

Short delivery periods and installation period
Higher efficiency (as high as 43 -45 %)
Efficient plant performance under part loads
Can be used for different types of fuels.
Minimum cooling water requirements
Short start up time

DG System: Energy Saving Methods

Ensure Steady Load Condition and avoid faults

Clean the air filter periodically
Storage of fuel oil should be as per manufacturer recommendations
Usage of fuel additives which may benefit the dg system
Calibration of fuel injection system
Periodic monitoring of DG performance
Periodic maintenance as per manufacturer recommendations.
Waste heat recovery system utilising jacket water and exhaust gas
for steam generation or space heating etc. in base load system
Usage of bio diesel/ bio mass gas for fuel economy
Parallel operation of smaller systems instead of a one big DG

Energy Conservation in Fans and

Blowers

Generate a pressure to move the air for ventilating purpose

Fan leaves transfer energy from rotating shaft to air which causes air
movement

Energy Saving Measures

Reduce excess air in combustion system

Minimise leakage in flue gas path as well as ac ducts
Usage of high efficiency design of fan
Variable speed motor for different ventilation needs
Energy efficient flat belt instead of v belt system
Minimise duct resistance and reduce pressure drops
Using inlet guide vanes
Maintain and clean the system regularly

Energy Conservation in
Air Conditioning System

HVAC system transfers heat energy from one system to other

External energy is used for transferring heat from lower temp
system to higher temp system

Two types : Vapour Compression (VCR) and Vapour Absorption

(VAR) System

VCR uses mechanical energy as the driving force

VAR uses thermal energy as the driving force

Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR)

Low pressure liquid refrigerant in the

evaporator absorbs heat
Changes from liquid to vapour state
Compressor increase the vapour
pressure thus increase in temperature
High pressure vapour gives away heat
in condenser and cools to liquid state
Expansion valve further reduce the
pressure of liquid and fed to evaporator

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VCR)

Compressor and expansion valve is replace by absorber and generator

Utilizes affinity of some liquids to absorbs large amount of gases causing
large reduction in pressure ( water to NH3)

Energy Saving in Refrigeration System

Use sufficient thickness of insulation on coolant pipelines

Reduce area for air-conditioning by using false ceiling and segregation
Minimise Heal loads by using efficient lighting, pre cooling of air etc.
Reduce heat loss from processes using heat insulation, utilising higher
efficiency process steps etc.
Ensure regular maintenance
Ensure adequate coolant and cooling water flows and close the valve
of idle equipment.
Minimise part load conditions

Performance Terms

Tons of refrigeration (TR) : Amount of cooling obtained

by cooling of 1 ton of ice : 3024 kCal/h, 12,000 Btu/h or
3.516 thermal kW
kW/ton : power input to compressor motor divided by tons
of cooling produced; measure of efficiency
Coefficient of Performance (COP): Chiller efficiency
measured in Btu output (cooling) divided by Btu input
(electric power). Btu : British Thermal Unit = 1055 Joules
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): a chiller's cooling capacity
(in Btu/h) divided by its power input (in watts) at full-load
conditions; for smaller size units

Lighting System

Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of

Conventional fluorescent lamps (36W instead of 40W)
Installation of CFL instead of ICL
Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for
applications where colour rendering is not critical.
Installation of LED panel indicators and LED lighting installation
Optimum usage of daylight
Installation of separate transformer for lighting for better voltage
regulation
Installation of HF Ballast instead of conventional chokes

Energy efficient Transformer

Extra loss
Load loss

Extra loss due to

harmonics

Resisitive loss

Conventional load
loss excl harmonics

No load loss

Unloaded

Rated load
Actual load
Actual load
(excl harmonics)
(incl harmonics)

Low loss Iron Evolution

YEAR
(approx.)
1895
1910
1950
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1983
1985
1987
1991

CORE MATERIAL THICKNESS

(mm)
Iron wire
Warm rolled FeSi
0.35
Cold rolled CGO
0.35
Cold rolled CGO
0.3
Cold rolled CGO
0.27
Cold rolled HiB
0.3
Amorphous metal
0.03
Cold rolled CGO
0.23
Cold rolled HiB
0.23
Laser treated HiB
0.23
Cold rolled CGO
0.18
Plasma treated HiB
0.23
Chem.Etched HiB
0.23

EPSTEIN VALUE
(W/kg at 50Hz)
6
(1.0T)
2
(1.5T)
1
(1.5T)
0.9
(1.5T)
0.84
(1.5T)
0.8
(1.5T)
0.2
(1.3T)
0.75
(1.5T)
0.70 (1.5T)
0.6
(1.5T)
0.67
(1.5T)
0.6
(1.5T)
0.6
(1.5T)

TYPE

M6x
M5x
M4x
M0H
M3x
M0H
ZDKH
M2x
Plasma PJ
PDR