Aniket Shende 61

Rahul Sheth 62
Kunal Shinde 63
Advait Soni 64
Chaitanya Sudrik 65

Venting systems include

Venting devices, piping or vent
header systems, disposal systems
Vent systems required for
Purging, Cleaning
Safety Considerations

 Venting

devices
Valves-PRVs, PSVs
-conventional , balanced
Rupture disks, Breaking Pins
Pressure Vacuum Vents
Sizing of Relief Valves
2

k k 1 r
F2
r
1 r
k 1

k 1
k

 Critical

flow

Pcf 2

P1 k 1

W
520 K d P1K b

W
735 K d F2

k
k 1

TZ(k - 1)
2 Mk

TZ
MP1 (P1 P2 )

 Relief

headers
Worst case scenarios
Standard pressure drop calculations
Disposal

Systems
Quenching, Chilling
Separation of vapors and liquids
Flares- ground, elevated
5

 No

universal method of vent sizing for

all situations
If vent size is too large then the venting
system becomes uneconomical
If it is inadequate then it can cause
accidents
Codes:
API 2000 standards
NFPA 30
OSHA
6

 Complex fluid dynamic process

Discharge flow, pressure decay

depend on gas properties, vent line

configuration, gas flow
Cf V0 Mu Pice (Pf-ce Pi-ce )
t
Ar Ac
M c

Pf
Pi Vo

ZRT
Pi

P
M c
1 f
Mi
Pi

Process considerations
1)Valve malfunction, equipment failure
2) Sudden rise in feed inlet pressure
3) Runaway exothermic reactions
4) Process gas exceeding explosion limits
5) Dust explosion
Fire considerations
1) External fire adjacent to pressurized
vessels
2) External Ignition

 K-

factor Method

RUST
Vent

Method

Ratio Method

Nomograph

or Cubic law Method

 Factor

K Method by Simmonds and

Cubbage

For

compact rectangular vessels

Max.

explosion pressure in vented

vessel related to vent area

Av
Pmax
F

Av
K
F

Av

is area of smallest side

For St 2 gas mixtures
Pred 0.25K - 0.2 barg

K 0.8 40Pred

 Vessel
L/D

volume between 1 to 1000 m3

ratio less than 5:1

Does

not account for vent ducts

12

 Spherical flame front

Used for equipments

detergent industries
Rust equation

propogation
in soap and
2
3

2.72 x 10-4 C(Pmax V) dP

F

0.5
Pred
dt

The

max

shape factor C is defined as

bc
C 0.65 2
a

1
3

D
C 0.76
L

2
3

13

 Limited

to maximum rate of pressure

rise of 345 bar /s

L/D

ratio should be less than 2.5:1

Does

not account for vent ducts

14

 Put

forth by Palmer (1973)

Vent

Ratio = Area of Vent

Volume of
vessel for sizing of vents
Simplest method

15

 Vent

ratios for various size ranges

provided

Vent

ratios on the basis of

experiments in Hartmann apparatus

The

Hartmann apparatus measures

the maximum rate of pressure rise in
the vessel for a given size range
16

Maximum Rate of Pressure

Rise
(bar/s)

Vent Ratio
(1/m)

<345

1/6.1

<690

1/4.6

>690

1/3.1

17

Can be used for vessels of up to 30 cu.m

only

For larger vessels, predicted vent size

much greater than actually required and
hence uneconomical

Assumes homogenous conditions and

rapid propagation of flame throughout the
reactor conditions true in case of
smaller vessels
18

Volume Range (cubic m)

Modification

30-300

Vent ratio reduced linearly from 1/6

to 1/25

300-600

1/9.2

>700

1/3.1

19

 Method

developed by Heinrich and

Bartknetcht

Based

on a cubic relation between

maximum rate of pressure rise and
inverse of the volume

(dP/dt)max

V ^ (-1/3)
20

 Nomographs

are used to determine

vent size

21

 P stat - the vent opening pressure

P red reduced pressure from P max
First determine the P red
From the volume of the reactor and

P red draw a horizontal line onto the

second graph and intersect it with
the appropriate K st value
The horizontal axis gives the vent
area
22

 Lowest

pressure is 0.2 barg

Vessel

volume must be between 1

and 1000 cubic m

The

vessel Length: Diameter ratio

should be lesser than 5:1

23

 Weak

vessels- Vent ratio method

Low

maximum rate of pressure sizeRUST method

Turbulent

dust clouds- Vent ratio

method

24

 Vessel

Shape- for conical vessels

Nomograph method more suitable

For

cylindrical vessels K- factor

method more useful

25

Thank You

26