DC DC Converters

Choppers

AC Power Vs. DC Power

1. Power factor in AC Power.
2. More Transmission drop in AC Power.
3. Renewable energy sources are mostly DC
source. Needs to convert to AC for AC power
application.
4. Micro-grid applications.
5. Use of electronic equipment. DC can be directly
used where as AC needs to be converted from
AC to DC.
6. Direct solar panel DC output can be used to
operate the household appliances.

Applications (DC House)

Unity power factor application

Micro-grid Applications
AC National
Grid
DC Grid

Local
Load

Local
Generator
(Renewable
energy
source)

DC - AC
Converte
r

DC Power Sources

DC DC power supply
Applications
Submarine power systems; Spacecraft
power systems;
Automobile applications; DC motor drives;
All electronic equipment like:
Personal computers; Office equipment;
Laptop computers; Telecom equipment;
Audio-Visual systems; Domestic appliances;
Railway signaling.

DC DC Converter (Definition)
The converter
produces a regulated
output voltage, having
a magnitude (and
possibly polarity) that
differs from the Input

Step-down (Buck) DC-DC

Converter
Voltage.
Buck - Boost DC-DC Converter

DC DC Converter requirements
1. Output voltage adjustability.
2. Over current protection.
3. Short circuit protection.
4. Output side over voltage
protection.
5. Input side over voltage
protection.

Basic DC DC Chopper

DC DC Converter
T

S1

= TON ; TS2 = TOFF ; T = TON

+ TOFF

Switching Frequency
Duty cycle D is defined as
is equal to (1-D)
D = and (1-D) =

DC DC Converter (Buck
Chopper)

Average DC output voltage across the load VOUT is

given by:

VOUT is always less than VIN

Buck Chopper

Buck Chopper

RMS Component of output voltage across the

load VOUT(RMS) is given by:

Knowing VDC(Ave) and VRMS , FF and RF can

be calculated.

Form Factor & Ripple Factor

3/31/16

A measure for output wave shape

deviation, to required output wave
shape (Constant DC value):

UM Rao

13

Buck Chopper (Resistive Load)

=
At any D value, that is at any VOUT, Efficiency = 100%
Equivalent Resistance of Buck Chopper to Input
supply is a
variable resistance = RIN =

Buck Chopper - Efficiency

Power Input PIN

Buck-Chopper - Efficiency
Actual loss factors in the circuit are:
1. Forward Voltage drop of On switch S1 (Iload X VON)
2. Leakage current of Off switch S1 (VIN X ILeakage)
3. Forward Voltage drop of On switch S2
4. Leakage current of Off switch S2
5. Switching losses of switch S1
6. Switching losses of switch S2

Buck Chopper O/P Analysis

Buck Chopper LOH Component

Fundamental frequency = f = Switching

frequency

Harmonic Spectrum - LOH

Note: = 2f and f is switching
frequency, thus first lowest harmonic is
equal to switching frequency.

fS is switching frequency and can be

high, so can be filtered by using a Low
Pass Filter.