SPECTRUM SENSING IN COGNITIVE RADIO

NETWORK FOR IEEE 802.11 AND IEEE

802.16
PRESENTED BY:
RASHMI RAJ
REG NO:-20141066
SUPERVISOR:
MR.VIJAY KUMAR SINGH

CONTENT

Introduction
Literature overview
Objective
Problem Modeling
Simulation in Matlab
Problem Solving of MF Technique
Gantt chart
References

INTRODUCTION
COGNITIVE RADIO: CR is an advanced technique which reduce the problem of
spectrum scarcity in electromagnetic spectrum.
The Cognitive Radio (CR) is a technology which efficiently utilizes
the licensed spectrum without causing any harm to the licensed user.
CR can increase spectrum efficiency leading to higher bandwidth.
CR consist of RF front end and baseband processor which modulate/
demodulate the signal.
IEEE 802.22 is standard form of cognitive radio(CR)

COGNITIVE RADIO CYCLE

SPECTRUM SENSING

SPECTRUM SENSING
Three Techniques of Spectrum Sensing:1. Energy detection(ED)
2. Matched filter detection(MF)
3. Cyclostationary detection(CSD)
ENERGY DETECTION: It is simplest technique ,also known as radiometry.
In this method, the energy of the received signal is calculated
which is compared against some given threshold to determine
the presence or absence of PU signal.
It does not require prior information about signal, is a non
co-operative detection technique.

MATCHED FILTER:

It is a linear filter and performance better in low SNR condition

Need of prior knowledge of the primary user signal .
Matched filter performs correlation between unknown signals with the
known signal.
The output of the MF is then compared against the threshold to decide the
presence or absence of PU signal in the specified band.

Cyclostationary

A signal is said to be cyclostationary if its autocorrelation function is

periodic in time.

Cyclostationary feature detection performs better in low SNR .

The cyclostationary signal detection technique is a good detection

technique because it performs well with less information about signal
structure.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the thesis is to conduct comparison of

Energy Detector, Match Filter, Cyclostationary Detector
spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio.

The secondary objective is to include application of IEEE

802.11 and IEEE 802.16.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Shilpa mehta (2009) has show the VHDL implementation of
spectrum sensing technique, proposed by using a
simulation tool Xilinx. The author observe that :1. Probability of detection increases significantly when signal
to noise ratio increases.
2. The detection probability decreases when the bandwidth
factor increases.
Lei yang (2011) has proposed cyclo-energy detector for
the spectrum sensing problem based on the cyclostationary
signal analysis. Thw author found that cyclo -energy
detector is better compared to cyclostationary detector

Contd.
Paul D.sutton (2008) shows cyclostationary signature
as feature. Author focus on orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing based system and author shows
the robust, low complexity approach and use of
embedded cyclostationary signal to achieve signal
detection.
Amaod v.dandewate (2009) has introduced a concept
of cyclostationary and a periodicity time varying
ensemble statics and finds two important thing that :1. Frequency domain test are perfect for non parametric
algorithm.
2. The time domain test are for cyclic cumulate based
method.

Contd.
Won-yeol lee (2011) has solved the spectrum
efficiency and interference problem. By Developing
optimal spectrum framework
he analyze that
through framework maximization the sensing
efficiency can improve and avoid interference.
Octavia A. Dobre (2011) has proposed a joint
detection and classification algorithm for the
mobile Worldwide interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) and Long term evolution (LTE)
signals, which exploits the second-order signal
cyclostationary.

Minimizing Sensing Time

for Detection

Fuzzy Logic Based

Decision

Steps in building fuzzy logic

based spectrum sensing
decision
Determine the input of the system
Determine the output of the system
Choose Word Description
L means primary user is not present.
M absence of primary user.
H means primary user is present.
The description for the status of output is
P means primary user is present.
A means primary user is absent.

Action Taken
Action to be taken is based on the
fuzzy If-then rules.
Assign input H to 1, M to 0.5 and
L to 0.
If there summation is greater then
1.5 then we conclude that primary
user is present P else primary user
is absent A.

Steps in building fuzzy logic

based spectrum sensing
decision
Action Taken

Signal Simulation in Matlab

Values of the parameters to simulate the signal are: SNR = 30db and -30db
W= 1* 105
ts = 1* 10-2
N= 2* W*ts
S 2 = (n*10-1)2
n 2= 1*10-6
CR promises the secondary users access the spectrum
which is allocated to a primary user, so avoiding interference
to potential primary users is a basic requirement. Therefore I
have decided to detect the primary user status through the
continuous spectrum sensing.

For 30dB SNR & 100 Samples

For -30dB SNR & 100 Samples

For 30dB SNR & 200 Samples

For -30dB SNR & 200 Samples

Energy detector
For 30dB SNR & 100
Samples

For -30dB SNR & 100 Samples

For 30dB SNR & 200 Samples

For -30dB SNR & 200

Samples

Power spectral density

POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

Flow chart for Implement. of Match Filter Technique

Gantt Chart (Work Plan)

REFERENCES

A. Ghasemi and E. S. Sousa,Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for

Opportunistic Access in Fading Environment, in Proc. IEEE
DySPAN, pp. 131-136, Nov. 2005.
I.F Akyildiz,W Lee, M.C Vuran, S Mohanty,Next Generation/
Dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A
survey Computer Networks 50(2006) 2127-2159, May 2006.
B. Wild and K. Ramchandran, Detecting Primary Receivers for
Cognitive Radio Applications, in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, pp. 124130,
Nov. 2005.
N. Hoven. On the Feasibility of Cognitive Radio, Masters thesis
University of California at Berkeley. Berkeley CA, 2005.
F. F. Digham, M. S Alouini and M.K Simon, On the energy
detection of unknown signals over fading channels, in Proc. IEEE
International Conference on Communication (ICC003), pp. 35753579, May 2003.

THANK
YOU