Gas Lift Presentation

CE-1: Gas Lift Products and
Gas Lift System Design
INSTRUCTOR :
Greg Stephenson
Schlumberger, 2001
COURSE INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONS
CLASS AIMS
INSTRUCTOR AIMS
Insight into in-exact science
Informed questions
Understand limitations
Participate in design
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 1
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRODUCED FLUID
FIRST THINGS FIRST.
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
NG
WI
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
G
BIN
TU
Course introduction
1000
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
Introduction to artificial lift
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
Types of gas lift 2000
3000
Applications of continuous
flow gas lift
OPERATING
GAS LIFT VALVE
Advantages & disadvantages
of gas
lift
4000
Basic introduction to gas lift principles
5000
Continuous flow unloading sequence
6000
Running and Pulling
Gas Lift Valves
SU
ES
PR
SIBHP
DEPTH (FT TVD)
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
ALLPRODUCED
THE NUTS
BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
FLUID ANDCONSTANT
0
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
NG
WI
Running and pulling gas lift valves

1000
Gas lift valve mechanics
2000
Gas lift valves and accessories
Gas lift mandrels, latches,
kickover tools
3000
Surface flow control equipment OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
G
BIN
TU
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
SU
ES
PR
4000
5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 3
CONSTANT
FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRODUCEDTO
FLUID
PREPARE
DO GAS
LIFT DESIGN!
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
NG
WI
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
1000
2000
SU
ES
PR
performance.
G
BIN
TU
Overview of inflow and outflow

DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
Natural gas laws applied to gas lift.

Flowing gradient exercises.
4000
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
Overview of side-pocket accessories.

5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 4
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING.
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
NG
WI
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
G
BIN
TU
Gas lift design methods.

1000

SU
ES
PR
IPO Gas lift design2000

PPO Gas Lift Design
3000
Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques
4000
Course summary
DEPTH (FT TVD)
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT

KEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UPON COMPLETION OF THIS SEGMENT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Name the 4 major forms of artificial lift.

Fully describe the operation of each.
Site at least 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of each lift method.
Identify the most appropriate lift method for a given application.
Understand the business relevance of each lift method to
Schlumberger.
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Schlumberger, 2001
CHOOSING THE BEST LIFT METHOD

EXAMPLE
10-well field accessed from a small offshore platform.

Average production: 1800 bbls/D @ 10% water cut.
2-7/8 6.5# tubing x 7-in 29# casing
Dogleg: 5 degrees / 100 ft.
BHT = 300 deg. F, Anticipated FBHP of 500 psi
1 Safety Barrier (SCSSV)
It will not be necessary to access reservoir until re-completion.
Stable formation on primary recovery.
Fluid Viscosity = 50 cp, GOR = 500 scf/bbl, VLR = 0.07
Sand production = 15 ppm
Well produces scale, treated w/ inhibitor no other contaminants
Electric power generation using natural gas for fuel
All well service via workover rig and snubbing unit.
Schlumberger, 2001
OVERVIEW OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT

Describe the two different types of gas lift and where they are
applied.
List the surface and sub-surface components of a typical closed
rotative gas lift system.
Describe, in detail, the continuous unloading sequence.
Explain the purpose of unloading valves in a continuous gas lift
well.
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPES OF GAS LIFT

CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT
INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT
CONVENTIONAL & WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE
GAS LIFT EQUIPMENT
Schlumberger, 2001
APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT
TO ENABLE WELLS THAT WILL NOT FLOW NATURALLY TO PRODUCE
TO INCREASE PRODUCTION RATES IN FLOWING WELLS
TO UNLOAD A WELL THAT WILL LATER FLOW NATURALLY
TO REMOVE OR UNLOAD FLUID IN GAS WELLS
TO BACK FLOW SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELLS
TO LIFT AQUIFER WELLS
Schlumberger, 2001
ADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT

Initial downhole equipment costs lower
low operational and maintenance cost
Simplified well completions
Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd
Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation
Intervention relatively less expensive
Schlumberger, 2001
DISADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT
Must have a source of gas

Imported from other fields
Produced gas - may result in start up problems
Possible high installation cost

Top sides modifications to existing platforms
Compressor installation
Limited by available reservoir pressure

and bottom hole flowing pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
INJECTION GAS
2000
0
FL
ING
OW
TU
1000
GP
BI N

NT

4000
5000
6000
SIBHP
DEPTH (FT TVD)
DIE
RA
EG
3000
UR
SS
RE
2000
7000
Schlumberger, 2001
FBHP
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
INJECTION GAS
2000
0
OW
FL
G
IN
TU
1000
NG
BI
T
IEN
4000
5000
OPERATING GAS LIFT

VALVE
6000
SIBHP
DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
AD
GR
RE
SU
ES
PR
2000

7000
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FBHP
CONTINUOUS FLOW
UNLOADING SEQUENCE
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK
INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
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INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
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INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
PLUGGED
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PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
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PRESSURE PSI
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE CLOSED
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN
ES
PR
SU
E
UR
SS
8000
RE
E
PR
DEPTH FTTVD
G
N
SI
CA
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
6000
NG
BI
TU
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
4000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
DEPTH FTTVD
TOP VALVE OPEN
6000
8000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
DEPTH FTTVD
TOP VALVE OPEN
6000
8000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
DEPTH FTTVD
TOP VALVE OPEN
6000
8000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
DEPTH FTTVD
TOP VALVE OPEN
6000
8000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
DEPTH FTTVD
TOP VALVE CLOSED
6000
8000
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
0
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
2000
2000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
1000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE PSI
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
2000
2000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
SECOND VALVE
CLOSED
1000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
FIGURE 3-8: Example of the Unloading Sequence

Casing Operated Valves and Choke Control of Injection Gas
2000
1800
1600
Pressure psi
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
12:00AM
03:00AM
06:00AM
PRESSURECASING
09:00AM
Time
12:00PM
03:00PM
06:00PM
PRESSURETUBING
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT WELL KICK-OFF

Unload well carefully
50 - 100 psi (3.5 bar) per 10 min
1 - 2 bbl per min
Maximize production choke opening

Gradually increase gas injection rate
Monitor well clean up and stability
Get to target position
Perform step rate production test
Optimize gas injection rate
Note - when unloading all valves open!
Schlumberger, 2001
RUNNING AND PULLING GAS LIFT VALVES

Explain the procedure for running and pulling gas lift valves from a
side pocket mandrel.
Describe the precautions that should be taken during running and
pulling operations.
Explain the operation of the OK series kickover tool.
Explain the operation of the BK-1 latch.
List and describe the different latch profiles available and explain
the importance of latch / pocket compatability.
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS!
Methodical
Equalise pressure
Valve catcher
Latches
Running / pulling tools
Pressure tests
Experience
Risk
Schlumberger, 2001
KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET
GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT
VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
Schlumberger, 2001
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GAS LIFT VALVE LATCHES

Understand the purpose of a gas lift valve latch.

Identify key latch components.
Explain the operation of a latch.
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
RK / BK LATCH
THERE ARE OTHER

LATCHES
1-1/2 RK
1-1/2 RA
1-1/2 RM
T2 LATCHES
1 BK
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 1
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
ALLPRODUCED
THE NUTS
BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
FLUID ANDCONSTANT
0
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
NG
WI
Gas lift mandrels

1000
Gas lift valve mechanics
2000
Gas lift valves and accessories
Surface flow control3000equipment
G
BIN
TU
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
SU
ES
PR
4000

5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT MANDRELS

Understand the features / benefits, operation and nomenclature of:

Orienting-style mandrels.
Non-orienting mandrels.
Conventional mandrels.
Identify and explain the purpose of key SPM components.
Describe how pressure rating is determined for SPMs.
Identify an appropriate SPM based on its nomenclature.
Explain advantages and disadvantages of oval / round GLMs.
Understand SPM manufacturing processes.
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
SIDE POCKET
MANDRELS
CONVENTIONAL
MANDREL
Schlumberger, 2001
5 1/2 MMRG-4, 1 1/2 POCKET

ROUND MANDREL DESIGN
Orienting
Sleeve
CAMCO
Tool
Discriminator
G Latch
Lug
Polished
Seal Bore
ENGINEERING DATA
PART NUMBER
SIZE
MAX O.D.
MIN I.D.
DRIFT I.D.
THREAD
TEST PRESSURE INTERNAL
TEST PRESSURE EXTERNAL
LATCH TYPE
KICKOVER TOOL
RUNNING TOOL
PULLING TOOL
MATERIAL
TENSILE STRENGTH (EOEC)
CAMCO1996
05712-000-00001
5 1/2
7.982
4.756
4.653
17 LB/FT MANN BDS B x P
7740 PSI
6280 PSI
RK, RK-1, RKP, RK-SP
OM-1, OM-1M, OM-1S
RK-1 15079
1 5/8 JDS 15155
410 S.S., 13 CR 22 HRC MAX
490,000 LBS
Schlumberger, 2001
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GAS LIFT MANDREL NOMENCLATURE

BASIC DESIGN FEATURES
KB
M
M
M
G
R
T
A
U
E
EC
W
1ST IDENTIFIER
1ST IDENTIFIER
2ND IDENTIFIER
3RD IDENTIFIER
1"POCKET
1-1/2"POCKET
OVAL BODY PIPE
MACHINED POCKET W/TOOL DISCRIMINATOR
TOOL DISCRIMNINATOR AND ORIENTING SLEEVE
CAMCO DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE
TRUGUIDE DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE
A POCKET PROFILE
REDUCED O.D. AND I.D.
STANDARD POCKET PORTING - BOTTOM EXHAUST
POCKET PORTED TO TUBING - BOTTOM EXHAUST
WATERFLOOD
BASIC DESIGN VARIATIONS
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
LT
LTS
V
SLIGHTLY REDUCED MAJ OR O.D.

SPECIAL THREADING CONSIDERATIONS
THREAD RECUTS
EXTERNAL GUARD DEVICES
SPECIAL INTERNAL MODIFICATIONS
SPECIAL POCKET MODIFICATION
BOTTOM LATCH ONLY
PLUGGABLE OR NO PORTS
SIDEPIPE POCKET PORTING
SIDELUG TO ACCEPT INJ ECTION TUBE
MULTIPLE POCKET
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVES AND ACCESSORIES

Derive the formula for opening pressure based on knowledge of

valve mechanics and the force-balance equation.
Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of:
Unloading Valves
Proportional Response Valves
Orifice Valves
NOVA Venturi Orifice Valves
Shear Orifice Valves
Dummy Valves
Equalizing Dummy Valves
Circulating Valves
Chemical Injection Valves
Waterflood Flow Regulator Valves
Reverse Flow Check Valves
Schlumberger, 2001
GASLIFTVALVEMECHANICS
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS

3 basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1 & 1-1/2 sizes:
Dummy valves Orifice valves

Square edged
Venturi (nova)
Unloading valves
Injection pressure (casing)
operated valves
production pressure (fluid)
operated valves
Throttling/proportional
response valves
Schlumberger, 2001
UNLOADING GAS LIFT VALVE

Normally required during unloading phase
only
Open only when annulus and tubing
pressures are high enough to overcome
valve set pressure
Valve closes after transfer to next station
May be spring or nitrogen charged
Schlumberger, 2001
Diaphragm/
Atmospheric Bellows
Spring
Stem
Upstream/
Casing
Stem Tip
Upstream
Downstream
Port
Downstream/Tubing
Pressure Regulator
Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve

Schlumberger, 2001
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES

F=PXA
Pd
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED

TO OPEN IT..
1
Pd x Ab= Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
Pd
Pc
Pc
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN

TO CLOSE IT..
2
Pd x Ab = Pc (Ab)
Pt
UN BALANCED VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001

CLOSING FORCE (IPO VALVE)
Fc = PbAb
OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE)
Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap)

Fo2 = Pt Ap
TOTAL OPENING FORCE
Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL

Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap = Pb Ab
SOLVING FOR Pc
WHERE:
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
Pc = -------------------------1 - (Ap/Ab)
Pb
= Pressure in bellows
Pt
= Tubing pressure
Pc
= Casing pressure
Ab
= Area of bellows
Ap
= Area of port
Schlumberger, 2001

Pc =
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
---------------------1 - (Ap/Ab)
Pc =
Pb - Pt (R)
---------------------1-R
Pb = Pc (1 - R) + Pt (R)
Where R = Ratio Ap/Ab

Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
INJECTION GAS
2000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVES CLOSE IN SEQUENCE

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
CASING P.
TO OPEN
PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
CASING P
TO CLOSE
DOME P.
AT SURFACE
1200 PSI
? PSI
TUBING P.
@ DEPTH
VALVE # 1
1260 PSI
? PSI
VALVE # 2
1300 PSI
? PSI
VALVE # 3
1340 PSI
? PSI
560 PSI
740 PSI
890 PSI
Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R)
NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16 R-20
R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962
Schlumberger, 2001
Dome
Pb
Dome
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Bellows
Bellows
Pb
StemTip(Ball)
Pc
SquareEdged
Seat
Pc
StemTip(Ball)
SquareEdged
Seat
Pt
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Pt
CheckValve
NitrogenChargedBellowsType
InjectionPressure(Casing)OperatedGasLiftValve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
CheckValve
ProductionPressure(Fluid)OperatedGasLiftValve
Schlumberger, 2001
Dome
Pb
Atmospheric
Bellows
Spring
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Bellows
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Pc
Spring
Adjustment
Nut&LockNuts
LargeT.C.Ball
Tapered
T.C.Seat
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Pc
Pt
CheckValve
ProportionalResponseGasLiftValve
StemTip(Ball)
SquareEdged
Seat
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Pt
CheckValve
SpringOperated
InjectionPressure(Casing)OperatedGasLiftValve
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GAS LIFT VALVE FEATURES
Bellows protection
Max dome charge
Check valve
Stem travel
Metallurgy
Elastomers
Max fluid rate
Schlumberger, 2001

Typically an orifice type Gas lift valve
always open - allows gas across Passage whenever
correct differential exists
Gas injection controlled by size and differential
across replaceable choke
Back-check prevents reverse flow of well fluids from
the production conduit
Schlumberger, 2001
ORIFICE VALVES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ORIFICE VALVE:
SQUARED EDGED ORIFICE
VENTURI (NOVA)
Valve designed for accurate gas passage

prediction.
One-way check valve for tubing integrity.
Schlumberger, 2001
NOVA VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001
EQUIPMENT SUMMARY
Side pocket mandrels
IPO unloading valves
Fluid pressure operated valves
Proportional response valves
Orifice valves
Shear open valves
Latch system
Dump kill valves
Circulating valves
Pilot valves
Check systems
Waterflood regulators
Chemical injection systems
Time cycle controllers
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE ACTUATED/CONTROLLED
GAS LIFT VALVE
Hydraulic controlled valve
Electric controlled valve
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE FLOW CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of:

Flow Control Valves
Adjustable Choke Valves
Surface Flow Control Accessories
Schlumberger, 2001
WellCompletionsandProductivity
CompletionSystems
Schlumberger, 2001
Well Completions &

Productivity
Completion Systems
Surface Flow Control Equipment
Schlumberger, 2001

Primary Purpose
Control and measure flow from a producing oil and gas

well, secondary recovery water or gas injection well
and injected gas in a gas lift field operation.
Secondary Purpose
Real time flow control measurement which allows precise

valve positioning from a remote RTU by use of an electric
actuator with 4-Milliamps or digital hart communication
control.
Schlumberger, 2001

Applications
All producing oil and gas wells

Platform gas lift manifolds
Water or gas secondary recovery/pressure
maintenance projects
All wells employing electrical submersible pump
systems
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for Gas

Lift
CN00998
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve
Packing and trim

changed without
removing body
from line
Easy-to-read
indicator
ring in 1/64 in. scale
Variety of trim
sizes,
materials and
connections
Schlumberger, 2001
Prevent Reverse Flow into Gas

Lift Lines
Floating seat acts as check valve to
prevent reverse flow
CN00998
CN00998
Optional Seat for Reverse Flow Check
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Injection Control for

High-Temperature Application
CN01000
Primarily designed for

steam injection
Applicable for service with
other high-temperature
gas or liquids
Easy-to-read 1/64 in.
indicator scale
Rated to 3500 psi at 700F
2-in. angle body with
various trim sizes and
materials
Camco/Merla FCVT high temperature

flow control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for

Waterflood Systems
CN01026
Designed for water

injection applications
Long throat seat controls
turbulence and erosion
Adjustable hand wheel
calibrated in 1/64 in. with
easy-to-read indicator
Secondary choke option
for high differentials
Available in variety of trim
sizes and materials
Camco/Merla WFC water flood

control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Adjustable Choke Valves for

Production
Three body sizes for accurate match to
flow rate
ACV-5, ACV-8 and ACV-12
Common Features
Available with API or ANSI flanges, socket

weld, butt weld
or threaded connections
Variety of trim and body materials to match
application
No stem leaks with spring-loaded, bubbletight sealing system
CN00997
ACV-5
CN01002
ACV-8
CN01003
ACV-12
Schlumberger, 2001

Production
Low flow rate
applications (ACV5)
/4-in., 1-in. and
11/4-in. port sizes
Maximum Cv
CN00997
values:
19.3 to 35
Camco/Merla ACV-5 adjustable choke valve
Schlumberger, 2001

Production
Medium flow rate

applications (ACV-8)
1-in., 11/2-in. and 2-in.
port sizes
Maximum Cv values: 30.8
to 85.8
High differential
pressure applications
CN01002
Optional positive choke

bean
Schlumberger, 2001

Production
High flow rate
applications (ACV-12)
2-in. and 3-in. port sizes
Maximum Cv values:
124 to 285
High differential
pressure applications
CN01003
Semi-balanced stem
feature
for reduced torque
Schlumberger, 2001
Chokes to Reduce Erosion and

Noise
CN01067
CAVROSION trim
closed position
CN00996
CAVROSION trim
throttling position
Reduce cavitation
or erosion damage
Cavrosion trim
Reduce noise levels

Cavnoise trim
Reduce cavitation
and noise
CN01068
CAVNOISE trim
CN01066
CAVROSION/
CAVNOISE trim
Combination
Cavrosion/ Cavnoise
trim
Schlumberger, 2001
Remote Flow Control

Applications
Actuators for electric control
and automation systems
Available for FCV and ACV series
valves
120 Vac or 24 Vdc with low current
draw for remote applications
High modulation rate for precise
positioning
CN01069
4-20 ma or Digital Hart

communication control
Corrosion resistance housing
FCV with electric actuator
Schlumberger, 2001
Nonadjustable Choke Applications

Positive inline choke
Bean sizes from 1/2 to 3 in.
Beans easily replaced with body
in flow line
In-line feature for bi-directional
flow
CN01159
Camco/Merla positive in-line choke

Schlumberger, 2001
Control for Low-Pressure Liquids and

Gas
Motor valves for
on-off service
Intermittent lift
control
Plunger lift control
Separator dumps
CN01001
Motor valves for

throttling service
Pressure regulators
Back pressure valves
Camco/Merla MV-60 motor valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Strengths
Name - SLB, MERLA, CAMCO

Well engineered and field proven products
SLB International locations
Manufacturing Points - Houston and Maracaibo
High pressure niche market
Schlumberger, 2001
Development Opportunities
Real time measurement market

Fit with/integrated completions/target markets
Complete ported cage designs
Software design and trouble shooting package
Complete 10k product design for speciality markets
Schlumberger, 2001
Current Projects
WEB interphase software design and troubleshooting
package.
Performing test with FCV/Jordan electric actuators
using different material combinations, and thread
types with and without special antigauling coating.
Complete conversions of all flow control products to
sherpa.
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 2
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 3
PRODUCED
FLUID LIFT CONSTANT
LETS
DO GAS
DESIGN! FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
NG
WI
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
1000
G
BIN
TU
Overview of inflow and outflow performance.

2000
SU
ES
PR
Natural gas laws applied to gas lift.

DEPTH (FT TVD)
3000
Gas lift design methods.

4000
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
Flowing gradient exercises.
IPO Gas lift design

5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
OVERVIEW OF INFLOW AND OUTFLOW

PERFORMANCE
Use the linear PI relationship to predict a wells production.

Explain the difference between a linear and non-linear IPR
relationship.
Understand the factors affecting a wells inflow performance.
Understand the factors affecting a wells outflow performance.
Schlumberger, 2001
SUCCESSFUL DESIGN DEPENDS

UPON PREDICTION OF FLOWRATE
Predicting Flowrates and Pressure
Transients for Different Cases
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE PRESSURE
PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
WELL OUTFLOW
RELATIONSHIP
(VLP) or (TPC)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE
SANDFACE
PRESSURE
BHFP
WELL
INFLOW (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE

( Successful design depends upon prediction of flow rate)
TYPES OF RESERVOIR DRIVES
Dissolved / solution gas drive

Gas cap drive
Water drive
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001

DISSOLVED / SOLUTION GAS DRIVE

Constant volume
No water encroachment
Two phase flowing reservoir below bubble point
No gas cap
PI not linear
PI declines with depletion
Formation GOR increases with depletion
Least efficient with circa 15% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001

GAS CAP DRIVE

Gas from solution will form gas cap
With production gas cap increases providing drive
Excessive drawdown can cause coning
PI usually not linear
GOR constant except near depletion
Circa 25% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001

WATER DRIVE
Not constant volume
Reservoir pressure more constant - expansion of
Water 1 in 2500 per 100 psi
PI more constant
GOR more constant
Combination of water drive & gas cap expansion
Often supplemented by water injection
Most efficient with upto 50% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001

DEPLETION DRIVE
Small isolated pockets
No pressure support
High rates initially
Very quick depletion
May use several artificial lift methods
Natural flow initially
Continuous gas lift
Intermittent gas lift
Schlumberger, 2001
IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS
Ideal well
Purely radial flow
Infinite reservoir
Uniform thickness
Stabilized flow
Single phase
Above bubble point
Homogeneous & isotropic reservoir
Perforations penetrate throughout reservoir
Reservoir shape
Proximity of wellbore
Wellbore clean / uncased
No skin
Darcys law
Schlumberger, 2001
NON IDEAL FLOW
Departures from Darcys law

Effects at boundaries
Position of well
Non homogeneous reservoir
Perforation positions
High velocities
Fluid type / high GOR
Transient behavior
Relative permeability effects - oil/water/gas near the wellbore
Depletion if reservoir
Flow restrictions (skin)
Schlumberger, 2001

Straight line productivity index (PI)

Inflow performance relationship (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
The relationship between well inflow rate and pressure
drawdown can be expressed in the form of a Productivity
Index, denoted PI or J, where:
q = J(Pws - Pwf) or
q
J = -----------------Pws - Pwf
kh(Pav - Pwf)
qo = ----------------------------------141.2 oBo.[ln(re/rw) - 3/4]
Schlumberger, 2001

FACTORS AFFECTING PI
1. Phase behaviour
Bubble point pressure
Dew point pressure
2. Relative permeability behaviour

Ratio of effective permeability to a particular fluid (oil, gas or
water) to the absolute permeability of the rock
3. Oil viscosity
Viscosity decreases with pressure decrease to Pb
Viscosity increases as gas comes out of solution
4. Oil formation volume factor (bo)

As pressure is decreased the liquid will expand
As gas comes out of solution oil will shrink
Schlumberger, 2001

AS RATE INCREASES IS NO LONGER STRAIGHT LINE

Increased gas sat. Near wellbore - rel. Perm. Effects
Laminar > turbulent flow
Exceeds critical flow of sandface
Schlumberger, 2001

INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP

Vogel
Back pressure/Fetkovich
Lit (Jones, Blount and Glaze)
Normalized pseudo pressure
Schlumberger, 2001

VOGEL
Dimensionless reference curve based on the following
equation:
Q/Qmax = 1 - 0.2(Pwf/Pws) - 0.8(Pwf/Pws)2
where:
Q = the liquid production rate, stb/d

Qmax = the maximum liquid rate for 100% drawdown
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, psi
Pws = the reservoir pressure, psi
Schlumberger, 2001
Pbhf/Pbhs
Dimensionless Inflow Performance Relationship Curve for Solution

Gas Drive Reservoir (after Vogel)
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Q/Qmax
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
EXERCISE
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE PRESSURE
PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
WELL OUTFLOW
RELATIONSHIP
(VLP) or (TPC)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE
RESERVOIR
PRESSURE
SANDFACE
PRESSURE
BHFP
WELL
INFLOW (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001
MULTIPHASE FLOW
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE
MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients

Horizontal flowing gradients
Schlumberger, 2001
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE AND MULTIPHASE FLOW

MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients

Horizontal flowing gradients
Select correct tubing size
Predict when artificial lift will be required
Design artificial lift systems
Determine BHFP
Determine PI
Predict maximum and/or optimum flow rate
Determine maximum depth of injection
Schlumberger, 2001
FACTORS EFFECTING TPC/VLP/TPR
TPC is a function of physical properties not inflow

Tubing id
Wall roughness
Inclination
Liquid / gas density
Liquid / gas viscosity
Liquid / gas velocity
Well depth / line lengths
Surface pressure
Watercut
GOR / GLR
Liquid surface tension
Flowrate
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE
Complicated expression
Schlumberger, 2001
Z
P/Z
System described by a energy balance expression

Mass energy per unit mass in = energy out
(+ - exchange with surroundings)
For wellbore- pressure Calc. for length of pipe
Integrated each section
Pressure conveniently divided into three terms
Schlumberger, 2001

TOTAL
PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE
GRAVITY
TERM
FRICTION
TERM
ACCELERATION
TERM
P/Ztotal = g/gccos + fv2/2gcd + v/gc[P/Z]
Schlumberger, 2001

Fluid density in every term
Errors would be accumulative
PVT important
Schlumberger, 2001
VERTICAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS

HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS
Schlumberger, 2001
FLOW REGIMES
Based on observations
Different flow patterns
Proportion of phases
Flow velocity
Viscosities
Interfacial tension
Schlumberger, 2001
FLOW REGIMES
Schlumberger, 2001
CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934)
Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
Duns & Ros
Hagedorn & Brown
Orkiszewski
Fancher & Brown
Beggs &Brill
Duckler Flannigan
Gray
Mechanistic
Proprietary
Schlumberger, 2001
INFLOWANDOUTFLOW
PERFORMANCE
Pressure, psig
0
1000
2000
3000
5200
4000
5000
FBHP, psig
Depth, feet
5000
6000
7000
4800
4600
8000
4400
9000
4200
10000
1000
2000
3000
Rate, bbls/d
11000
12000
13000
14000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
APPLICATION OF FLOWING
PRESSURE GRADIENTS / EXERCISES
Schlumberger, 2001
NATURAL GAS LAWS APPLIED TO GAS LIFT

Predict the casing pressure at depth for a gas lift well.

Predict the gas passage through a square-edged orifice.
Explain the relationship between a valves bellows pressure and its
temperature
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS CALCULATIONS RELATED TO GAS LIFT SYSTEMS
Gas injection pressure at depth

Gas volume stored within a conduit
Temperature effect on bellows-charged dome pressure
Volumetric gas throughput of a choke or g.L. Valve port
Schlumberger, 2001

GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH
S.G. x L
53.34 x T x Z
P@L = P@Se
Where:
e = 2.71828
P@L = Pressure at depth, psia
P@S = Pressure at surface, psia
S.G. = Gas Specific Gravity
L = Depth, feet
T = Average Temp Degrees R
Z = Average Compressibility for T
and average pressure
Schlumberger, 2001

GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH
Rule of thumb Equation based on S.G. of 0.65,
a geothermal gradient at 1.60F/100ft and a surface
temperature of 700F
P@L = P@S + (2.3 x P@S x L )
100
1000
Where:
P@L = Pressure at depth, psia

P@S = Pressure at surface, psia
L = Depth, feet
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT

(see page 3-10)
Internal capacity of a single circular conduit
Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2
Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2
Annular capacity of a tubing string inside casing
Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2 - do2
Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2 - do2
Where:
di = inside diameter in inches

do = outside diameter in inches
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT

To find the volume of gas contained under specific
well conditions):
P x Tb
b = V x ---------------Z x Pb x T
Where:
b = gas volume at base conditions

V = capacity of conduit in cubic feet
P = average pressure within conduit
Tb= temperature base in degrees Rankin
Z = compressibility factor for average pressure and
temperature in a conduit (see Figure 3.2)
Pb= pressure base (14.73 psi)
T = average temperature in the conduit in degrees
Rankin 2001
Schlumberger,
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS

CHARGED DOME PRESSURE
Major Advantages of Nitrogen
Availability
Non-explosive
Non- corrosive
Predictable compressibility
Predictable temperature effect
Schlumberger, 2001
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS

CHARGED DOME PRESSURE
P2 = P1
Where:
Tc
P1 = Pressure at initial temperature
P2 = Pressure resulting from change of temperature
Tc = Temperature correction factor
and
1 + 0.00215 x (T2 - 60)

Tc = -------------------------------1 + 0.00215 x (T1 - 60)
Where :
T1 = Initial temperature, Deg F

T2 = Present temperature, Deg F
Schlumberger, 2001
VOLUMETRIC GAS THROUGHPUT OF A CHOKE OR A

GAS LIFT VALVE PORT
Equation based on Thornhill-Craver Studies
Page 3-13
Since this equation is so complex the chart in
figure 7.4 page 7-14 provides a means of quickly
obtaining an approximate gas passage rate for a
given port size
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION RATE (MMSCF/D)
SUB-CRITICAL
FLOW
ORIFICE FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
PCASING
Schlumberger, 2001
Gas Passage through a RDO-5 Orifice Valve with a 1/2" Port

(163 deg F, Gas S.G. 0.83, Discharge Coefficient 0.84)
9
8
Gas Flow Rate MMSCF/D
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Pressure psi
Schlumberger, 2001
RDO-5 Orifice Valve, 24/64" Port, Cd = 0.86
5.00
4.50
Gas Flow rate (m m scf/d)
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
CalculatedFlowrate
MeasuredFlowrate
CalculatedFlowrate
MeasuredFlowrate
CalculatedFlowrate
MeasuredFlowrate
CalculatedFlowrate
MeasuredFlowrate
0.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
2000.00
Downstream Pressure (psig)
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 3
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 4
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING.
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
2000
NG
WI
O
FL
INJECTION GAS
G
BIN
TU
IPO Gas lift design

1000
PPO Gas Lift Design
2000
Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques
3000
Course summary
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
SU
ES
PR
4000
5000
SIBHP
6000
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
IPO GAS LIFT DESIGN

Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing injection pressure

operated gas lift valves.
List at least 3 possible sources of design bias in an IPO gas lift
design.
Explain the purpose of design bias and its effect on a gas lift
design.
Understand how a gas lift design can be developed to
accommodate changing conditions over time.
Schlumberger, 2001
MANDREL SPACING
Forunloading
Forflexibility
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN METHODS

Variety of design methods published
Pmax / P min
Casing Pressure drop
Equilibrium curve
Vary with application

Vary with data
Vary with experience
Not an exact science
We are dealing with a very dynamic system
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
Learn basics
Do the designs by hand graphically
Build mental picture of dynamic system
Introduce design bias
Think about it then apply
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
New design
Pre-spaced mandrels
All methods require objective gradient
Fixed rate design
Optimum rate design
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS

Casing Pressure Drop Method
Schlumberger, 2001
CAMCO GAS LIFT TECHNOLOGY - EXAMPLE DESIGN

Constant Pdrop Method - No Design Bias
PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
2000
TEMPERATUREF
100
150
200
1000
2000
DEPTHFTTVD
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTHOFWELL(MIDPERFS)
10000
FIGURE 1
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
0
CASINGP
1000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
DEPTHFTTVD
3000
4000
5000
ST
AT
IC
6000
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
0
CASINGP
1000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
DEPTHFTTVD
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
ST
AT
IC
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
T)
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 3
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
:1
00
,10
LR
G
5000
6000
7000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
C.
W.
%
99
D,
BP
00
DEPTHFTTVD
CASINGP
20
NT
DIE
4000
A
GR
G
3000
IN
2000
OW
FL
1000
ST
AT
IC
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
T)
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 4
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
DEPTHFTTVD
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
ST
AT
IC
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
T)
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
DEPTHFTTVD
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
NT
DIE
RA
EG
7000
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
T
EN
DI
RA
6000
ST
AT
IC
R
ATU
ER
MP
TE
ING
5000
EG
UR
AT
ER
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
4000
W
FLO
3000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
T)
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.#1
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
DEPTHFTTVD
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
NT
DIE
RA
EG
7000
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
T
EN
DI
RA
6000
ST
AT
IC
R
ATU
ER
MP
TE
ING
5000
EG
UR
AT
ER
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
MANDREL#2
4000
W
FLO
3000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
T)
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P.#2
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
7000
FL
OW
ING
GR
AD
IEN
DEPTHFTTVD
ST
AT
IC
T2
000
BP
D,
8000
9000
99%
W
GR
A
DIE
N
T(
0.
46
5P
S
I/ F
T
EN
DI
RA
6000
MANDREL#3
NT
DIE
RA
EG
5000
EG
UR
AT
ER
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
MANDREL#2
4000
R
ATU
ER
MP
TE
ING
3000
W
FLO
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
T)
.C.
,0G
LR
F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P.#3
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
DEPTHFTTVD
GR
A
DIE
N
6000
T(
0.
MANDREL#4
46
5P
S
I/ F
T
EN
DI
RA
ST
AT
IC
NT
DIE
RA
EG
MANDREL#3
R
ATU
ER
MP
TE
ING
5000
EG
UR
AT
ER
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
MANDREL#2
4000
W
FLO
3000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
T)
7000
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P.#4
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE(PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATUREF
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL#1
DEPTHFTTVD
GR
A
DIE
N
6000
T(
0.
MANDREL#4
7000
46
5P
S
I/ F
T
EN
DI
RA
ST
AT
IC
NT
DIE
RA
EG
MANDREL#3
R
ATU
ER
MP
TE
ING
5000
EG
UR
AT
ER
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
MANDREL#2
4000
W
FLO
3000
0.65S.G.
GRADIENT
RESSURE
2000
CASINGP
0.4
65
ps
i/ft
T)
MANDREL#5
8000
9000
F.B.H.P.#5
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN

(P-MIN / P-MAX)
Re-opening valves / valve interference
(P-min / P-max / Production Pressure Effect)
Schlumberger, 2001
#1.
Pressure
Pt
Pc1
D
e
p
t
h
Valve#1
Pt@L
Pc@L
Differential
30-50#
Schlumberger, 2001
#2.
Pressure
Pt
Pc1
D
e
p
t
h
Pc2=Pc1-[(Ptmax-Ptmin)(TEF)]
#1
Ptmin
Ptmax
PointA
50#
Differential
Schlumberger, 2001
#3.
Pressure
Pt
D
e
p
t
h
Pc1
Pc1
Pc2=1000-[(750-425)(.104)]
Pc2=966psi
(33.8psi)
#1
Ptmax
#2
Ptmin
50#
Differential
PointA
Schlumberger, 2001
Pressure
Pt
D
e
p
t
h
#4.
Pc2
Pc3
Pc1
Pc3=966-[(815-625)(.104)]
#1
Pc3=946psi
(19.76psi)
#2
#3
Schlumberger, 2001
Pt
D
e
p
t
h
Pressure Pc3
#5.
Pc2
Pc1
#1
#2
#3
Ptmin
Ptmax
Point A
Schlumberger, 2001
Pt
Pressure Pc3
#6.
Pc2
Pc1
Pc4
D
e
p
t
h
#1
#2
Pc =946-[(925-750)(.104)]
4
#3
#4
Ptmin
Pc4=928psi
(18.2psi)
(.05xDepth)+Pwh
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN EXAMPLE (3 1/2)

GRADIENT CURVE - MANDREL SPACING
TUBING SIZE
AVERAGE DEVIATION
TARGET PRODUCTION RATE
WATERCUT
OIL API
WATER S.G.
GAS S.G.
PACKER SETTING DEPTH
END OF TUBING
MID PERFORATION DEPTH
WELLHEAD FLOWING PRESSURE
SHUT IN BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
FORMATION GOR
CASING KICKOFF PRESSURE
CASING OPERATING PRESSURE
AVAILABLE GAS FOR INJECTION
TEMPERATURE @ DEPTH
KILL FLUID GRADIENT
FLOW EFFICIENCY
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
3.5
VERTICAL WELL
600 B/D
50 %
35O
1.08
0.65
7400 FT
7500 FT
8000 FT
175 psig
2800 psig
.65 stb/d/psi
100:1
1150 psig
1100 psig
1 MMSCF/D
210O F
0.465 psi/ft
1 (no skin)
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS

Design Bias
Schlumberger, 2001
DESIGN BIAS IN GAS LIFT DESIGN
Tubing head pressure

Tubing pressure / minimum gradient
Casing pressure drops to close valve systematically (disadvantage?)
Re-opening valves / Valve interference
Differential at bottom point
Casing pressure available
Design bias will vary depending on condition
Gas passage
Well coming in
Add some more mandrels?
Usually called safety factors
Schlumberger, 2001
INTRODUCING DESIGN BIAS

INTO DESIGNS
Schlumberger, 2001

Ptmin-Ptmax Method - with Design Bias
PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
2000
TEMPERATURE F
100
150
200
1000
2000
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS)
10000
FIGURE 1
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
0
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
1000
2000
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
ST
AT
IC
6000
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000

S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
0
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
1000
2000
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
FL
OW
ING
6000
ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
T2
000
7000
BP
D,
99
%W
.C.
,0
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
GL
R
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 3
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
0
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
1000
O
FL
2000
NG
WI
9%
C.,
W.
5000
6000
7000
FLO
WI
NG
GR
AD
IEN
T2
000
LR
1G
00:
10
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
.
NT 0.65 S.G
9
D,
BP
000
T2
I EN
AD
GR
3000
ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
BP
D,
99%
W.C
.,0
GL
R
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 4
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
MANDREL #1
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
DEPTH FTTVD
4000
5000
6000
7000
ST
AT
IC
FL
OW
I NG
GR
AD
IE
NT
2
000
BP
D
, 99
%W
.C.
,0
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
GL
R
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL #1
DEPTH FTTVD
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
TU
RA
5000
6000
7000
FL
OW
I NG
GR
AD
IE
ST
AT
IC
NT
2
000
BP
D
, 99
%W
.C.
,0
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
NT
DIE
GRA
RE
ATU
PER
TEM
4000
E
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
G
WIN
FLO
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
I/ F
T)
GL
R
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. #1
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL #1
Ptmax1
Ptmin1
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
7000
ST
AT
IC
FL
OW
I NG
GR
AD
IE
NT
2
000
BP
D
, 99
%W
.C.
,0
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
TU
RA
5000
I/ F
T)
NT
DIE
GRA
RE
ATU
PER
TEM
MANDREL #2
4000
E
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
G
WIN
FLO
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
GL
R
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P. #2
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL #1
5000
MANDREL #3
ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
6000
T(
0. 4
65
PS
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
TU
RA
DEPTH FTTVD
Ptmin2
E
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
Ptmax2
.
NT 0.65 S.G
MANDREL #2
4000
I/ F
T)
NT
DIE
GRA
RE
ATU
PER
TEM
3000
G
WIN
FLO
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
7000
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P. #3
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL #1
DEPTH FTTVD
MANDREL #3
Ptmax3
Ptmin3
6000
MANDREL #4
ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
TU
RA
5000
NT
DIE
GRA
RE
ATU
PER
TEM
MANDREL #2
4000
E
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
G
WIN
FLO
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
7000
8000
9000

F.B.H.P.
F.B.H.P. #4
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001

PRESSURE (PSIG)
0
1000
TEMPERATURE F
2000
100
150
200
1000
MANDREL #1
DEPTH FTTVD
MANDREL #4
ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
65
PS
I/ F
T)
NT
DIE
GRA
RE
ATU
PER
TEM
6000
MANDREL #3
T
IEN
AD
GR
RE
TU
RA
5000
E
MP
TE
IC
AT
ST
MANDREL #2
4000
.
NT 0.65 S.G
3000
G
WIN
FLO
2000
ADIE
ESSURE GR
CASING PR
0.4
65
psi
/ft
7000
MANDREL #5
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. #5
F.B.H.P.
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
PPO GAS LIFT DESIGN

Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing production pressure

operated gas lift valves.
Explain the purpose of the Design Line in a PPO gas lift design.
Explain the purpose of the P Line in a PPO gas lift design.
Understand the benefits and liabilities of PPO gas lift designs.
Explain where a PPO gas lift installation would most likely be run
and why.
Schlumberger, 2001
EXAMPLE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
List 5 tools that can aid in the trouble-shooting of gas lift wells.
Understand the relationship between gas passage, valve
mechanics, well performance and casing pressure.
Utilize gradient curves, valve mechanics and gas passage to
predict the point (or points) of injection in a gas lift well.
Explain the cycle of instability in a well which is injecting in subcritical flow across a square-edged orifice.
Explain how to determine if the tubing and casing are in
communication.
Schlumberger, 2001
I
TIM
OP
FOCUS
ORGANISATION
& PROCESSES
N
TIO
ZA
MO
NIT
OR
ING
TROUBLESHOOTING
TROUBLESHOOTING
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Schlumberger, 2001
THE FOLLOWING DATA SHOULD BE REGULARLY MONITORED :

GAS INJECTION (PRODUCTION ANNULUS) PRESSURE
GAS INJECTION RATES
TUBING HEAD PRESSURE
WELL TESTS
TOTAL PRODUCTION
WATER CUTS
TEMPERATURE
SLUGGING : AN UNSTABLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED.
SEVERE SLUGGING IS A MAJOR CONCERN.
THE INITIAL START-UP AND LOADING IS THE WHEN THE WELL IS AT
ITS MOST UNSTABLE.
Schlumberger, 2001
INJECTION PRESSURE :
THE MOST INFORMATIVE, IT INDICATES:
WHICH UNLOADING VALVES ARE

OPEN
AND THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF

INJECTION
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
RESTRICTIONS TO THE GAS FLOW,

UPSTREAM OF THE GAS INJECTION
CIRCULATING VALVE.
OPENING OF THE UNLOADING VALVE.
A CHANGE IN THE TUBING PRESSURE

AT DEPTH (CHANGE IN WATER CUT)
A CHANGE IN THE GAS INJECTION RATE
A RESTRICTION IN THE CIRCULATING

VALVE
THE CIRCULATING VALVES PORT HAS

BEEN FLOW CUT.
LOSS OF PRESSURE INTEGRITY IN

EITHER THE TUBING OR THE INJECTION
GAS FLOW LINE
7000
Pb
Pc
CHANGE IN THE INJECTION PRESSURE

CAN MEAN
6000
8000
10000
12000
Pt
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
FBHP
SIBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION RATE:

HAS A LARGE INFLUENCE ON
THE PRODUCTION RATE
INABILITY TO INJECT GAS.
THIS NORMALLY INDICATES
A MECHANICAL FAILURE.
GAS INJECTION IS
RESTRICTED.
COULD INDICATE :
AN INCREASE IN
WATER CUT
WE ARE OPERATING
AT THE UNLOADING
VALVE.
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL TESTS
ACTUAL PRODUCTION
RATE & WATER CUT
MULTI-RATE TESTING BETTER

UNDERSTANDING OF
THE WELL
WATER CUTS
ERRATIC WATER CUTS CAN INDICATE A SLUGGING WELL
Schlumberger, 2001
TUBING PRESSURE :
THE TUBING HEAD PRESSURE (THP) & WELL HEAD TEMPERATURE
INDICATE THE WELL IS FLOWING.
A DECREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE CAN INDICATE A LOSS OF
PRODUCTION DUE TO :
A CHANGE IN THE INJECTION DEPTH
AN INCREASE IN WATER CUT.
AN INCREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE :
COULD BE AS A RESULT OF EXCESS GAS INJECTION
CAN AFFECT THE CASING PRESSURE.
TUBING INSTABILITY CAN BE CAUSED BY :
CASING PRESSURE INSTABILITY (MULTI-POINTING OR

INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE)
TOO LARGE A TUBING SIZE.

Schlumberger, 2001
TEMPERATURE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Inlet problems
Choke sized too large
Choke sized too small
Low casing pressure
High casing pressure
Verify gauges
Low gas volume
Excessive gas volume
Compressor fluctuations
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Outlet problems
Valve restrictions
High back pressure
Separator operating pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Downhole problems
Hole in tubing
Operating pressure valve by surface closing
Method
Well blowing dry gas
Well will not take any input gas
Well flowing in heads
Installation stymied and will not unload
Valve hung open
Valve spacing too wide
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
Calculations - analysis of casing pressure
Echometer surveys
Tagging fluid level
Two pen pressure recorder charts
Multi-rate test analysis
Historical well test analysis
Computer modeling
Flowing pressure and temperature
surveys
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPICAL CALCULATED CHECKS

Casing pressure analysis
Effect of reservoir pressure & pi with well test data
Gas passage calculations
Well temperature effect
Frictional/downhole pressure effects
Performance curve
Well stability
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT TROUBLESHOOTING FLOWCHART
Flowing
Survey
WELL FLOWS
WELL TAKES
GAS
CHART 2
WELL DOES NOT
TAKE GAS
CHART 3
IRREGULAR GAS
INJECTION
CHART 4
WELL TEST DATA

WELL HISTORY
TWO PEN CHART
WELL EQUIPMENT
GAS LIFT DATA SHEET
Continuous Flow
Design Diagnostics
WELL DOES NOT FLOW
WELL TAKES
GAS
CHART 5
WELL DOES NOT
TAKE GAS
CHART 6
Schlumberger, 2001
WELLFLOWS
WELLTAKESGAS
CHART 2
Injection Not Thru

Gas Lift Valve
Injection Thru
Gas Lift Valve
Injection At
Deepest Valve?
Evaluate for
Deeper Injection
Point
Hole in Tubing
Sidepocket
Mandrel Leak
Install Pack Off
Re-install Valve
Mechanical
Problems?
Remove
Restriction
Install Pack Off
Re-design for
Deeper Injection
Consider
Workover
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL FLOWS
WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
CHART 3
Failed Gas
Lift Valve
Change Out
Valve
Casing Bridge
G.L.V. Setting
Too High
G.L.V. Design
Temperature
Too Low
Surface Gas
Input Problem
Pump
Chemical
Redesign
for Lower
Pressure
Redesign for
Higher
Temperature
Plugged
Surface Choke
Frozen
Surface
Choke
Pump Water
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL FLOWS
IRREGULAR GAS INJECTION
CHART 4
SubSurface
Problem
Surface Problem
Casing Pressure
Low
Casing Pressure
High
Unstable Gas
Supply
Unstable Back
Pressure
Hole in Tubing
Unloading Valve
Gained Pressure
Compressor
Discharge
Unstable
Adjacent Well
Heading in
Shared Manifold
Unloading Valve
Lost Pressure
Operating Valve
Too Deep
Intermittent Well
Robbing Supply
Gas Volume
Unstable
Separator Back
Pressure
Valve Port Fluid

Cut
Valve Port Size

Too Small
Leaking
Sidepocket
Mandrel
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL DOES NOT FLOW

WELL TAKES GAS
CHART 5
Casing Pressure
High
Lower Valve
Won't Open
Fluid Load on
Bottom Below
Design Pressure
Bridge in
Casing
Lift Gas Injection
Rate Too High
Casing Pressure
Low
Gas Lift Valve

Problem
Mechanical
Problem
Unloading Valve
Lost Dome
Pressure
Hole in Tubing
Cut Out Valve

Port
Leaking Mandrel
Pocket
Trash in
Unloading Valve
Port
Leaking Tubing
Hanger
Evaluate for
Orifice Insert
No Inflow To
Wellbore
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL DOES NOT FLOW

WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
CHART 6
Subsurface
Problem
Surface Problem
Wellhead or
Manifold Plugged
or Closed
Gas Lift Valve

Problem
Injection Choke
Plugged or
Closed
Subsurface
Safety Valve
Closed
Tubing Closed
Bridge in Casing
Plugged
Operating Valve
Valve Set
Pressure Too
High
Valve Gained
Charged Pressure
Top Valve Spaced

Too Deep
Rock The well
Re-design for
Lower Pressure
Change Valve
Unload to Lower
Back Pressure
Circulate Fluid
Thru Valve
Displace Casing
with Lighter Fluid
Change Valve
Use Higher
Injection Pressure
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
GAS LIFT WELLS
CaseStudiesusingEchometer,Two-Pen
RecorderandNodalAnalysis
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
New gas lift string
Expected production: 1350 bbls/d @ 580 MCF/D gas
injection.
Actual Production: 1050 bbls/d @ 520 MCF/D gas injection.
Corrective Action Taken

Well modeled to aid in diagnosis.
Acquired fluid level in casing.
Wireline ran in well with impression block to confirm valve
was out of pocket. Attempted to re-set valve.
Flowing gradient survey ordered.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
GAS LIFT DESIGN
VLV #
1
2
3
4
5
6
MD
TVD
1850
2820
3640
4500
5370
6260
1837
2698
3305
3902
4502
5106
Temp.
TCF
Port
144 0.847
3/16"
150 0.838
3/16"
156 0.829
3/16"
161 0.822
3/16"
1/4"OrificeValve
GLVinplace
TRO
.094
.094
.094
.094
945
940
935
930
N/A
Figure 1
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
FLUID LEVEL SHOT
End
Mandrel#2@2820ft.
MD(13.6in.)
Start
Mandrel#3@3305ft.
MD(17.8in.)
SCSSV@398ft.
MD(1.9in.)
Mandrel#4@4500ft.
MD(21.5in.)
Mandrel#1@1850ft.
MD(9.1in.)
Figure 2
Schlumberger, 2001
Case #1
Pressure vs. Depth Plot
Figure 3
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#1
SUMMARY&CONCLUSIONS
Asfigure2shows,thefluidlevelwasfoundat
the4thmandrel.Thewellhasfailedtounload
totheorifice.
Asfigure3illustrates,thereissufficient
pressuredifferentialatdepthtounloadtothe
orificeinmandrel#5.
Wirelineoperationsconfirmedthevalvein
mandrel#4wasoutofpocket,preventingthe
wellfromunloading.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#2
Wellhasbeenseverelyheadingwith
tubingpressuresrangingbetween120-
350psi.Casingpressureshavevaried
between900-1000psi.
Wellbelievedtobemulti-pointinjecting
between2ormorevalves.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
GAS LIFT DESIGN
VLV #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
MD
TVD
1802
3111
4105
4803
5418
5939
6491
7012
7563
8115
1802
3110
4087
4747
5333
5805
6313
6794
7306
7829
Temp.
TCF
Port
105 0.912
3/16" .094
121 0.884
3/16" .094
134 0.863
3/16" .094
1/4"OrificeValvefrom#10
149 0.839
3/16" .094
156 0.829
3/16" .094
163 0.819
3/16" .094
170 0.809
3/16" .094
174 0.803
3/16" .094
N/A
N/A
3/16" .094
TRO
1005
995
980
N/A
960
945
930
920
910
970
Figure 4
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
FLUID LEVEL SHOT
End
Mandrel #4 @
4803 ft. MD (23.8
in.)
Mandrel #3 @ 4105
ft. MD (20.4 in.)
Mandrel #2 @ 3111
ft. MD (15.4 in.)
Start
SCSSV @ 614
ft. MD (3.0 in.)
Mandrel #1 @ 1802 ft.

MD (8.9 in.)
Figure 5
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
TWO-PEN RECORDER CHART
Figure 6
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
FLOWING GRADIENT SURVEY
Figure 7
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
CASING PRESSURE ANALYSIS
VALVE NO
DEPTH TVD
1
2
3
4
1802
3110
4087
4747
TRO
Pd@60F
Pt
1005
911
340
995
901
587
980
888
822
1/4"BKO-3OrificeValve
1-R
PtR
OP
Tv
TCF
Op Force
Cl Force
.0940
.0940
.0940
.9060
.9060
.9060
32
55
77
971
995
1020
139
147
158
.855
.842
.826
912
957
1001
N/A
1065
1071
1075
N/A
Closed
Closed
Closed
Open
Figure 8
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
As figure 5 illustrates, the well has
unloaded to the orifice in mandrel #4.
Figure 6 is a 2-pen chart showing both
tubing and casing heading, typical of
multi-point injection and/or un-regulated
gas passage due to communication.
The flowing survey in figure 7 indicates
gas passage through valves # 1,2,3 & 4.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
Thecasingpressureanalysisinfigure8
showsthatallunloadingvalvesshould
beclosedatthegivenpressuresand
temperatures.
Wellappearstobemulti-pointinjecting
throughleakingorcut-outvalves.
Appearstobeerrorinbottomthree
surveypoints.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
Valves were sent to shop and replaced. The
seats in each of the unloading valves were
confirmed to be cut out
After replacing cut-out valves, well was
returned to production. Total fluid rate
increased by over 150 bbls/d (60 BOPD).
4 training sessions were then scheduled for
field personnel to better inform them about
proper unloading / operating procedures.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3
Wellisbelievedtobeunder-performing.
Significantfluctuationsincasing
pressureobserved.
Wellwasobservedtobesurging.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:InflowPerformance
Figure1-Inflowperformance.TheaboveIPRcurvesweregeneratedtorepresentconditionsatpresentandatthe
timeofthelastpressuresurvey(11/98).BasedontheestimatedIPR,thecurrentPwfwouldhavetobe
approximately2627psitocorrespondwiththecurrentproductionrateof5204bbls/d.
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CASE#3:CasingPressureAnalysis
Figure2-Gaspassage.Theabovecurvesshowthatthegaspassageofvalves1&2
roughlytotalwhatiscurrentlybeinginjected.
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CASE#3:GradientPlot
Figure3-Gradientplot.Theabovegradientplotshowsthatthewellcannotinjectdeeperthanthe
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2ndmandrelundercurrentconditions.
CASE#3:GasPassageAnalysis
Gas Passage Curves for Well D-8
1600
Qgi, MSCFD
1400
1200
1000
800
Valve#1
Valve#2
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Pdwn, psia
Figure4-GasPassage.Theabovegaspassagecurvesshowthatthecombinedgaspassageof
thetoptwounloadingvalvesislessthanthecurrentgasinjectionrate.Thisindicatesthatthe
wellmaybeinjectingthroughaholeinthetubingoravalvewhichisleakingoroutofpocket.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:SystemDeliverability
Figure5-Systemdeliverability.Theaboveperformancecurveshowsthatthewellisover-injectingatpresent.Note:
thisperformancecurveassumessingle-pointinjectionatthe2ndmandrelandisonlyanestimate.Becausethewellis
multi-pointinjectingand/orunstable,theactualperformancecapabilityofthewellmayactuallybegreaterthanis
shownabove.However,thegeneraltrendshouldbesimilartothatshownabove.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3
Casingpressureanalysisindicatesallvalvesshould
beclosed.
Gradientanalysisindicatesonlyvalves#1&2have
sufficientdifferentialtoinject.
Gaspassageanalysisindicatesthatcurrentinjection
rateexceedscombinedcapacityoftop2valves.
Wellsuspectedtobeinjectingthroughholeintubing
thiswasconfirmedbybleedingdowncasing.
Ifcommunicationcanberepaired,gainof
approximately360bopdmaybeachieved.
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Example Flowing Gradient

Surveys
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HEADING / INSTABILITIES / SLUGGING

TUBING HEADING PHENOMENON
CASING HEADING PHENOMENON
INSTABILITY / SLUGGING ON START UP
VALVE PROBLEMS
Schlumberger, 2001
INJECTION PRESSURE OR PRODUCTION ANNULUS SLUGGING (HEADING)

CAN INDICATE
INSUFFICIENT GAS INJECTION RATES

INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE FOR THE GAS
INJECTION RATE
THE WELL COULD BE MULTI-POINTING
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PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
1000
INJECTION GAS
2000
0
FL
ING
OW
TU
1000
GP
BI N
NT
4000
5000
OPERATING GAS LIFT

VALVE
6000
SIBHP
DEPTH (FT TVD)
DIE
RA
EG
3000
UR
SS
RE
2000

7000
Schlumberger, 2001
FBHP
INSTABILITY-Theperpetuationofslugging
(whilstsub-criticalflowacrosstheoperatingvalve)
Fluctuation in
Tubing pressure
Decreased
fluid density
g
in
s
ea ate
r
c
In n R
l
ra ctio
e
n u
Ge Prod
Decrease TBG
pressure
Slight decrease in CSG

pressure until drop in
gas inj. rate
Increased
gas inj. rate
Decreased
gas inj. rate
Slight increase in CSG

pressure until sufficient
to increase gas inj. rate
Ge
n
Increase TBG
Pr eral
od
pressure
uc Dec
tio re
n asi
Ra ng
te
Increased fluid
density
Schlumberger, 2001
SUB-CRITICAL
FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
PCASING
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STABLE & OPTIMUM POINT OF INJECTION
PRODUCTION RATE (Qrate)
UNSTABLE GAS
INJ. RATE
THEORETICAL
OPTIMUM
GAS INJ. RATE
OPTIMUM GAS INJ. RATE

WITH SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
GAS INJECTION RATE (Qg)
Schlumberger, 2001
STABILITY CHECK
Criteria for Gas Lift Stability*
Well
Name
A5.xls
A6.xls
A7.xls
B1.xls
B2.xls
B4.xls
C7.xls
Total
Casing
Pressure
(psig)
Wellhead
Pressure
(psig)
Flowing
Pressure
psi
Total
Liquid
BPD
Gas
Lift
Mmscf/d
1800.00
1397.80
0.00
0.00
2070.00
2060.00
1016.45
552.45
390.05
0.00
0.00
379.90
410.35
427.75
4262.00
1761.00
0.00
0.00
3608.50
2747.20
1548.10
26414.19
9987.05
0.00
0.00
21365.00
17834.73
3955.02
3.30
4.40
0.00
0.00
4.70
6.10
3.50
79556
22.00
INFLOW
Productivity
Index
Injection Port
Size
in
29.00
8.20
0.00
0.00
27.00
27.00
4.60
0.1875
0.375
0.375
0.4375
0.3125
0.4375
0.5
Stability
Criteria*
RESPONSE
Predicted
Behavior
Well status
3.449808242
1.146643372
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
2.899782728
2.985449297
0.578114879
Stable
Stable
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
Stable
Stable
Unstable
GasLift
GasLift
Shutdown
Shutdown
GasLift
GasLift
GasLift
Comments
PLEASE NOTE THAT ABOVE STABILITY CRITERIA WERE CALCULATED BY USING WELL TEST DATA ONLY!
Schlumberger, 2001
STANDARD APPROACH TO REDUCING INSTABILITY

CHOKE WELL : DAMPENS TUBING SLUGS
LOSS OF PRODUCTION
INCREASE GAS INJECTION RATE : FORCE ORIFICE INTO

CRITICAL FLOW
NORMALLY INJECTION RATE EXCEEDS ECONOMIC
INJECTION RATE
ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR
REDUCE ORIFICE SIZE

INCREASE UPSTREAM PRESSURE FOR SAME INJECTION
RATE (ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR = REDUCE
COMPRESSOR THROUGHPUT)
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NOVA VALVE
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SUB-CRITICAL
FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI)
PTUBING = 90%
PCASING
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OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI

200
180
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SQUARE-EDGED ORIFICE
FlowRate(MCF/d)
160
140
120
The Square-edged orifice

performance curve
100
80
60
Large sub-critical flow

regime
Gas passage dependent on

downstream pressure until
40 - 50% pressure lost
Poor pressure recovery =

large pressure drop & large
energy loss
40
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
TubingPressure
Schlumberger, 2001
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI

THE VENTURI DESIGN ALLOWS THE FOLLOWING :
BETTER PRESSURE & ENERGY RECOVERY

LOWER DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
DRASTICALLY REDUCED SUB-CRITICAL FLOW REGIME
CRITICAL VELOCITY (VELOCITY OF PRESSURE
TRANSMISSION/SONIC VELOCITY) ATTAINED WITHIN 10%
PRESSURE DROP
REDUCES INFLUENCE OF DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE ON
GAS PASSAGE = REDUCED RISK TO PROPAGATING
INSTABILITY
Nozzle-VenturiGasLiftValveProject
Pressurevs.FlowRateSummary
4000
1400psiUpstream
3500
3000
ImprovedOrificeValve
2500
2000
ConventionalOrificeValve
900psiUpstream
1500
1000
400psiUpstream
500
0
0
200
400
Datashownisfromactualflowtests
600
800
DownstreamPressure(psi)
1000
1200
1400
Schlumberger, 2001
COURSE SUMMARY
Overview of student objectives.
Overview of course objectives.
Q&A
Schlumberger, 2001

Gas Lift Presentation

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CE-1: Gas Lift Products and

Gas Lift System Design

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Running and pulling gas lift valves

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Overview of inflow and outflow

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Natural gas laws applied to gas lift.

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

Overview of side-pocket accessories.

Gas lift design methods.

CASING PRESSURE WHEN

IPO Gas lift design2000

INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT

Name the 4 major forms of artificial lift.

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT

CHOOSING THE BEST LIFT METHOD

10-well field accessed from a small offshore platform.

OVERVIEW OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT

TYPES OF GAS LIFT

APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT

TO ENABLE WELLS THAT WILL NOT FLOW NATURALLY TO PRODUCE

TO INCREASE PRODUCTION RATES IN FLOWING WELLS

TO UNLOAD A WELL THAT WILL LATER FLOW NATURALLY

TO REMOVE OR UNLOAD FLUID IN GAS WELLS

TO BACK FLOW SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELLS

TO LIFT AQUIFER WELLS

ADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT

DISADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT

Must have a source of gas

Possible high installation cost

Limited by available reservoir pressure

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

CASING PRESSURE WHEN

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

DEPTH (FT TVD)

CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL

OPERATING GAS LIFT

DEPTH (FT TVD)

CASING PRESSURE WHEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

TOP VALVE OPEN

TOP VALVE CLOSED

TOP VALVE CLOSED

TOP VALVE CLOSED

FIGURE 3-8: Example of the Unloading Sequence

GAS LIFT WELL KICK-OFF

Maximize production choke opening

RUNNING AND PULLING GAS LIFT VALVES

GAS LIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS!

GAS LIFT VALVE LATCHES

Understand the purpose of a gas lift valve latch.

THERE ARE OTHER

Gas lift mandrels

DEPTH (FT TVD)

CASING PRESSURE WHEN

OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE

GAS LIFT MANDRELS

Understand the features / benefits, operation and nomenclature of:

GAS LIFT MANDRELS

5 1/2 MMRG-4, 1 1/2 POCKET

GAS LIFT MANDREL NOMENCLATURE