Seismic

Vulnerability
Analysis of
Building stocks
Pradeep P
CE11M104

Introduction
Seismic risk assessment is done on the

following steps: Hazard Analysis

Local site effects
Structural Inventory
Vulnerability Analysis
Estimation of risk & loss

Assessing seismic vulnerability is done from

early 70s
Earthquake loss model

NEED for VULNERABILITY Analysis

Risk mitigation efforts
Prediction of Economic Impact for future

earthquake
Planning for Retrofitting structures

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE

To generate vulnerability curves for RC &

Masonry structures to Indian Building stock.

Scope
i. PGA is the Ground motion Index
ii. Suite of natural compatible accelerograms
iii. Using Advanced Capacity Spectrum Method
iv. Performance limit states are predefined
v. SSI is incorporated subsequently

Vulnerability curves
Conditional probability that the structures

response (vulnerability function) exceeding

the performance LS.

Classification

Vulnerability
curves

Empirical
methods

Fully
displacement
based

Analytical
methods

Collapse
mechanism
based

Hybrid
methods

Capacity
Spectrum
methods

Methodology
Earthquake demand

Time Histories

Performance Limit States

Structural
Assessment

Vulnerability Curve
Generation

Building capacity

Push-over curves

Capacity of structure
Static pushover

Analysis
Capacity curves (Base
shear Vs Roof drift)
obtained
Conversion into
AD(Acceleration
Displacement) form
by forming equivalent
SDOF system
CAPACITY DIAGRAM

Capacity of structure
M

Ti

Drift
Fig. Capacity curve
(MDOF)

Tf
C

Sa

Base
shear

Sd
Fig. Capacity diagram
(SDOF)

Demand of Ground motion

Set of accelerogram used on the equivalent

SDOF system.
Elastic spectra with constant damping is
formed.
Converted into AD format for next step of
Structural assessment with the capacity AD
format.

Demand (contd.,)
Response Spectrum

Fig. Conventional Spectra

Spectra

Fig. AD format

Structural Assessment
Basic portion of the Risk assessment process
Advanced capacity Spectrum (N2) method is

used.
N nonlinear 2 two displacement sets
N2 is performance based design technique
next to:
1. Capacity spectrum -- ATC 40
2. Non linear static procedure (NSP) FEMA
356
In this method, Inelastic spectra is used
rather than the elastic spectra.

Outline of CSM
CSM
Capacity

Displacement
Response data

Input
Ground
motion
(demand)

CSM N2 Method

Bilinear Transformation of Capacity Diagram

Capacity diagram of equivalent SDOF is transferred into Bilinear

curve.
Displacement & strength at the yield location is determined.
Elastic period (T*) is calculated, which is the point of

intersection of the elastic spectra with that radial line.

Yield
point

Yield point is assumed based on

equal energy principle upto plastic

mechanism.

Inelastic spectra
By Equal displacement rule,

For this SDOF system, elastic

Spectra is converted into inelastic
Spectra as,

Fig. Inelastic
spectra.

T*

Performance Displacements
These performance points for respective
building inventory class is plotted in a graph &
regression analysis is done on the scatter
Its output is statistically analyzed in a
suitable distribution & the Probabilistic points
are plotted on the graph against the Ground
motion index

Work done
For a given plan of an Unreinforced masonry

Building, Push-over curve is developed.

Masonry behavior & its failure patterns are
studied well from the textbooks & TREMURI
guidelines.
For a given acceleration time history, an Excel
sheet is developed Spectral acceleration can
be calculated using approximation methods.
Fiber-based modeling software,
SEISMOSTRUCT, is practiced for developing
Push-over curves.

Building Plan

TREMURI Software & Outputs

Push-over curve
35

Push-over curve

30

25

Base shear
20

15

10

0
0

0.01

0.01
storey drift (m)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

Schedule of Work
Schedule

Activities
DEC 12

Classification and modeling of building

inventory
Push-over & Time history Analysis of
database
Structural Assessment process by CSM
Probabilistic Damage model for the database

JAN 13

FEB 13

MAR 13

APRIL 13

References
Calvi G., Pinho R., Magenes G., Bommer J.J., Restrepo L.F and Crowley

H. (2006) Development of seismic vulnerability assessment

methodologies over the past 30 years, ISET Journal of Earthquake
Technology, 43 (3), pp. 75-104.
Frankie T.M., Gencturk B. and Elnashai A.S. (2012) Simulation-based
fragility relationships for Unreinforced masonry buildings, Journal of
Structural Engineering. 10.1061
Fajfar, P. (2000).A Nonlinear Analysis method for performance based
design. EERI, Earthquake spectra, 16 (3), pp. 573-592
Gencturk, B. and Elnashai, A.S. (2008) Development and application
of an advanced capacity spectrum method, Engineering Structures,
30, pp. 3345-3354
IS 4326 (2003) Code of Practices for Earthquake Resistant design
and construction Practices, Bureau of Indian Standards
FEMA 356 (2000) Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency
FEMA 356 (1997) NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency