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SUBMITTED BY:
ASHA.E
3rd SEMESTER,
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY
KUVEMPU
Introduction
Type of fuels
Combustion
Conclusion
Introduction
CLASIFICATION OF
FUELS CHEMICAL
FUELS
SECONDARY
OR DERIVED
FUELS
PRIMARY OR
NATURAL
FUELS
SOLID:
Wood,coal,
lignite
LIQUID:
Crude oil
GASEOUS:
Natural gas
SOLID:
coke,charcaol
,petroleum
LIQUID:
Petrol,kero
sene,diesel.
GASEOUS:c
oal gas,
water gas,
biogas
Introduction
Calorific value
Measured at 25C.
Introduction
Introduction
Type of fuels
Combustion
Conclusion
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Usage
Used extensively in industrial applications
Examples
Furnace oil
Light diesel oil
Petrol
Kerosine
Ethanol
LSHS (low sulphur heavy stock)
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Density
Ratio of the fuels mass to its volume at 15 oC,
kg/m3
Useful for determining fuel quantity and quality
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Specific gravity
Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same
water volume at a given temperature
Specific gravity of water is 1 at 4C.
Hydrometer used to measure
Table 1. Specific gravity of various fuel oils
Fuel oil
type
LDO
(Light Diesel Oil)
Furnace oil
Specific
Gravity
0.85-0.87
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
10
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Viscosity
Measure of fuels internal resistance to flow
Most important characteristic for storage and use
Decreases as temperature increases
Flash point
Lowest temperature at which a fuel can be
heated so that the vapour gives off flashes when an
open flame is passes over it
Flash point of furnace oil: 66oC
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Pour point
Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow
Indication of temperature at which fuel can be
pumped
Specific heat
kCal needed to raise temperature of 1 kg oil by
1oC (kcal/kgoC)
Indicates how much steam/electricity it takes to
heat oil to a desired temperature
12
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Sulphur content
Depends on source of crude oil and less on the
refining process
Furnace oil: 2-4 % sulphur
Sulphuric acid causes corrosion
Ash content
Inorganic material in fuel
Typically 0.03 - 0.07%
Corrosion of burner tips and damage to
materials /equipments at high temperatures
13
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Carbon residue
Tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid
residue on a hot surface
Residual oil: >1% carbon residue
Water content
Normally low in furnace oil supplied (<1% at
refinery)
Free or emulsified form
Can damage furnace surface and impact flame
14
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Calorific value:
Typical GCVs of some of the commonly used
liquid fuels are given below:
15
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Fuel Oils
Furnace Oil
L.S.H.S
L.D.O
Density (Approx.
g/cc at 150C)
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
0.85-0.87
66
93
66
20
72
18
G.C.V. (Kcal/kg)
10500
10600
10700
Sediment, % Wt.
Max.
0.25
0.25
0.1
Sulphur Total, %
Wt. Max.
< 4.0
< 0.5
< 1.8
Water Content, %
Vol. Max.
1.0
1.0
0.25
0.1
16
0.1
0.02
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Storage of fuels
Store in cylindrical tanks above or below
the ground
Recommended storage: >10 days of
normal consumption
Cleaning at regular intervals
17
Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
DEFINITION
Coal is a highly homogeneous matter.
Coal is the most important fossil fuel.
In india, most of the calories are
situated in madhya pradesh,West Bengal,
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Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels
Coal classification
Anthracite: hard and geologically the
oldest
Bituminous
Lignite: soft coal and the youngest
Further classification: semi- anthracite,
semi-bituminous, and sub-bituminous
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Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels
Fuels and combustion
Physical properties
Heating or calorific value (GCV)
Moisture content
Volatile matter
Ash
Chemical properties
Chemical constituents: carbon, hydrogen,
20
oxygen, sulphur
Type of Fuels
GCV
(kCal/kg)
Lignite
(Dry
Basis)
Indian
Coal
Indonesian
Coal
4,500
4,000
5,500
South
African
Coal
6,000
21
Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels (Physical properties)
Fuels and combustion
Moisture content
% of moisture in fuel (0.5 10%)
Reduces heating value of fuel
Weight loss from heated and then cooled powdered
raw coal
Volatile matter
Methane, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, CO, other
Typically 25-35%
Easy ignition with high volatile matter
Weight loss from heated then cooled crushed coal
22
Type of Fuels
Fixed carbon
Fixed carbon = 100 (moisture + volatile matter +
ash)
Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen
residues
Heat generator during combustion
23
Type of Fuels
Solid Fuels (Physical properties)
Fuels and combustion
24
Type of Fuels
Indonesian
Coal
South African
Coal
Moisture
5.98
9.43
8.5
Ash
38.63
13.99
17
Volatile
matter
20.70
29.79
23.28
Fixed Carbon
34.69
46.79
51.22
25
Type of Fuels
GCV (kCal/kg)
Indian Coal, %
5.98
38.63
41.11
2.76
1.22
0.41
9.89
4000
Indonesian Coal, %
9.43
13.99
58.96
4.16
1.02
0.56
11.88
5500
26
Type of Fuels
27
Type of Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Advantages of gaseous fuels
Least amount of
handling
Type of Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Fuels and combustion
29
Type of Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Calorific value
Fuel should be compared based on the net
calorific value (NCV), especially natural gas
Typical physical and chemical properties of various gaseous fuels
Fuel
Gas
Relative
Density
Higher Heating
Value kCal/Nm3
Air/Fuel
ratio m3/m3
Flame
Temp oC
Flame
speed m/s
Natural
Gas
0.6
9350
10
1954
0.290
Propane
1.52
22200
25
1967
0.460
Butane
1.96
28500
32
1973
0.870
30
Type of Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Propane, butane and unsaturates, lighter C2
31
Type of Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Natural gas
Methane: 95%
Remaing 5%: ethane, propane, butane,
pentane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases
High calorific value fuel
Does not require storage facilities
No sulphur
Mixes readily with air without producing smoke or
soot
32
Type of Fuels
Comparing Fuels
Fuel Oil
Coal
Natural
Gas
Carbon
84
41.11
74
Hydrogen
12
2.76
25
Sulphur
0.41
Oxygen
9.89
Trace
Nitrogen
Trace
1.22
0.75
Ash
Trace
38.63
Water
Trace
5.98
33
Introduction
Type of fuels
Combustion
Conclusion
34
Combustion
Principles of Combustion
Fuels and combustion
Combustion
Principles of Combustion
Control the 3 Ts to optimize combustion:
36
Combustion
Principle of Combustion
Fuels and combustion
37
Combustion
Combustion
Concept of Excess Air
39
Combustion
Concept of Excess Air
40
Introduction
Type of fuels
Combustion
Conclusion
41
CONCLUSION
Fuels and combustion
FUELS:
A combustible substance, containing carbon
as main constituent which on proper burning, it gives
amount of heat which can be used for domestic and
industrial purposes. example: wood,cal,etc.,
COMBUSTION:
o Combustion is an unit processin which oxidation
reaction takes place.
oThe union of carbon,hydrogen, and sulphur with
oxygen.
oDuring combustion of a fuel, the atoms of carbon ,
hydrogen,etc., combine with the oxygen and
liberates heat at a rapid rate.
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