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radiograph
BY
AHMED LABIB
Definition
It is the shadow
features produced by
x-ray on radiographic
film
radiograph is a two
dimensional shadow
of a three
dimensional object.
Terms
and
definitio
ns
Radiolucent:
Objects that can not
absorb x-ray and appear
black on the film.
Such as pulp canal,
carious lesion, foramen,
maxillary sinusetc.
.
Radiopaque:
Objects that absorb x-ray
and appear white on
radiograph Such as
enamel of the tooth,
bone, gutta-percha, metal
filling materials, post, and
some pathological
conditionsetc
Functions of
radiograph:
-
1-Diagnosis:
a-Identifying pathosis.
b-Determining root
pulpal anatomy.
c-Characterizing
normal structure.
2-Treatment
a-Determining the
working length.
b-Moving the
superimposed
structure.
c-Locating the canal.
d-Evaluating the
obturation.
Recall:-3
a-Evaluating the
healing.
b-Identifying the
presence of new
.pathosis
Techniques
of
periapical
x-ray
exposure
a- long cone
technique
or
parallel cone
technique.
b-Bisecting angle
technique
Advantages:
1-It gives true lateral projection
of the tooth
2-It results in minimal
enlargement and less distortion
3-Sharp image
4-Demonstrate the true
relationship between the
alveolar crest and the tooth
5-Reduce the importance of the
horizontal positioning
planes,since the film and x-ray
beam are at right angle
Disadvantages:
1-Difficult to be used in
small mouths or patient with
shallow flattened palate
2-Difficult to be used with a
rubber dam in place
3-Apices lie below zygomatic
arch are usually not seen on
radiograph
4-Film holder is required
Bisecting
angle
technique
Landmarks for
the direction
of the central
ray
A)MAXILLA
B)MANDIBLE
1-Lower central incisors: the cone of the
tube touching about an inch above the
border of the mandible at a point between
the two centrals
2-Lower central and lateral incisors: the
cone of the tube touching a point between
the central and lateral incisors on the line
previously described
3-Lower cuspid and first bicuspid: the cone
of the tube touching a point opposite the
cuspid on the line previously described
4-Lower bicuspids and first molar: the cone
of the tube touching a point opposite the
second bicuspid on the line previously
described
5-Lower second and third molars: the cone
of the tube touching a point opposite the
second molar on the line previously
By other meaning we can apply whatis called SLOB (same lingual opposite
buccal) this means that the lingual
canal goes to the same direction of
the x-ray cone and the buccal canal
go to the opposite direction, i.e if the
x-ray cone directed mesially, the
lingual root canal would appear in
the developed x-ray film dircted to
the mesial side (same lingual) and
the buccal root canal would be
directed to the distal side(opposite
buccal)
B
20
.S.L.O.B
Shift
20
h0
.ang
M
Shift
Hazards of x-rays:
1-Dermatitis
2-Alopecioa (loss of hair)
3-Increased production of
white blood cells(leukocytosis)
4-Leukemia
5-Anemia
6-Feeling of loss of attitude
7-Sterility
8-Abortion
THANK YOU