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Type of foundation
Shallow foundation
1-Spread footing : support the load from
building by column
2-Strip footing : support the load from
building by walls
3-Mat foundation: combined all footing
Type of foundation
Deep foundation
1- End bearing pile : pile stand on
rocks or very dense soils, so we have
only end bearing capacity
2- Combined bearing pile : pile stand
on normal soils, so we have end
bearing capacity and skin friction
3- Floating pile : pile stand on very
loose or very soft soil, so we have only
skin friction
Spread footing
Q
Strip footing
q
Mat foundation
Rock layer
Pile
Pile
Floating pile
Pile
Type of failure
Shear line
Shear line
S
S
Settlement
qu
(q - qo ) x B x B = Cu x .B x B
(q - qo) x B x B/2 = Cu x 2 R x R
Since R = B / sin :
(q - qo ) = Cu x 4 /(sin )
qd = s D Nq.Sq.dq+0.5BNSd
Sq=S PB/L ; Kp= tg2(45+2)
dq=d=1+0.1
K p D/B
Bearing factor
Shape factor by De Beer 1970
Fcs=1+B/L.Nq/Nc
Fqs=1+B/L.tg
Fs=1-0.4.B/L
Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B<1
Fcd=1+0.4D/B
Fqd=1+2.tg(1-sin)2D/B
Fd=1
Bearing factor
Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B>1
Fcd=1+0.4.arctg(D/B)
Fqd=1+2.tg(1-sin)2.arctg(D/B)
Fd=1
Inclined factor by Meyerhof 1963 Meyerhof and
Hanna 1981
Fci=Fqi=(1-90)2
Fi=(1-)2
Df
0.195B
5.14Cu (1
)(1 0.4 )
L
B
Structural
Design of
Mat
Foundation
Q X'
X '
QY'
Y '
B
e X X '
2
L
e y Y '
2
Q Qi
Q M y X M xY
q
A
Iy
Ix
M x Qe y
M y Qex
Where
A=BL
Ix=(1/12)BL3 : moment of inertia about the X
axis
IY=(1/12)LB3 : moment of inertia about the Y
axis
Mx : moment of the column load about the X
axis = Q.eY
MY : moment of the column load about the Y
axis = Q.ex
qav=1/2(ql+qF)
Where ql and qF soil pressures at point I and F
The total soil reaction is equal to qavBB1 because the
shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken
into account. for this reason, the soil reaction and the
column load need to be adjusted
Qav
qav BB1 Qi
2
Qav
qav
qav BB1
Q1
Q2
Q3
X1
Q4
X2
X3
q
S3
S1
Y1
S5
Y3
Y2
S7
Y5
Y6
Y4
S4
S2
Shear diagram
S8
S6
S1=q.b/2
S2=S1-Q1
S3=q(x1+b/2)-Q1
S4=S3-Q2
S5=q(x1+x2+b/2)-Q1-Q2
S6=S5-Q3
S7=q(x1+x2+x3+b/2)-Q1-Q2-Q3
S8=S7-Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
X1
Q4
X2
X3
M3
M5
M1
M7
M4
S5
S3
S1
Y1
M6
Y3
M2
Y2
Y5
Y6
Y4
S4
S2
S7
S8
S6
Moment diagram
Determine moment
M1=q.b2/8
M2=0.5q(Y1+b/2)2 - Q1Y1
M3=0.5q(X1+b/2)2 - Q1X1
M4=0.5q(b/2+X1+Y3)2 - Q1(X1+Y3)-Q2Y3
M5=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2)2 - Q1(X1+X2)-Q2X2
M6=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+Y5)2 - Q1(X1+X2+Y5) Q2(X2+Y5)-Q3Y5
M7=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+X3)2 Q1(X1+X2+X3)Q2(X2+X3)-Q3X3
Qav
F
Qi
So the modified column load are FQi
Now the shear and moment diagram for this strip can
be drawn. this procedure can be repeated for all
strips in the X and Y direction.
U b0 d (0.34) f 'c
Where:
-U : Factored column load (MN)=F
- Reduction factor =0.85
a
M U M ' (load . factor ) AS f y (d )
2
AS f y
0.85 f 'c b
Where:
-As: area of steel per unit width
-fY :Yield stress of reinforcement in tension
-Mu :Factored moment
Qf
Qs
B&L
Qtotal=Q+Qf+Qs
Q- load apply by column
Qf load of footing
Qs load of soil above footing
Depth of footing
Qtotal
D
1 sin
1 sin
all
net
BL
qall
Qtotal
BL
We find value of B
Lx
d
d
d
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu
v
Lx d
Lx
d/2
d
d/2
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu
v
b0 d
Lx b
Lx b
(d a & d b ) Ly a
4
Q
b Q
a Q
Lx L y
: Lx
.
orLy
.
qall
a qall
b qall
c 0.25 ck N / mm 2
ck
br 0.45 ck
br 0.45 ck
A1
0.90 ck
A2
Loaded area A2
Loaded area A1
Column bars
Angles 45degree
Dowel bars
Bond length in
compression for
anchorage
Tensile Reinforcement
In one way reinforced footings, the reinforcement
Lx
End
Zone
0.5(Ly-Lx)
Central
Zone
Lx
End
Zone
0.5(Ly-Lx)
2 At
Ato
Ly
1
Lx
Structural Design
The bending moment at any section is equated to the resisting moment
f y Ast
M 0.87 f y Ast d
f ck B
f
Ast 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
M=bending moment
fck=Compressive strength of concrete
fy=Yield strength of steel
d=effective depth of the cross-section of the footing
B=width of footing
Ast=area of steel reinforcement
Bd
Fe 250 steel
Fe 415 steel
Fe 500 steel
General
0.148.fck.b.d2
0.138.fck.b.d2
0.133.fck.b.d2
M15
2.22 bd2
2.07 bd2
2.0 bd2
M20
2.96 bd2
2.76 bd2
2.66 bd2
M25
3.70 bd2
3.45 bd2
3.33 bd2
415N/mm2
500N/mm2
15
1.32
0.72
0.57
20
1.76
0.96
0.76
25
2.2
1.19
0.94
30
2.64
1.43
1.13
Q
A
qall
Aact
Qtotal
qall
Qtotal s DA Q
1.5Q
q
Aact
Bending moment
2
1
B b
M q B
2
2
Bending moment at any section is given by:
M 0.138 f ck Bd 2
M
0.138 f ck B
B b
(d a & d b ) L a
4
Reinforcement
The area tension steel can be obtained by solving the quadratic
equation
f ck
Ast 0.5
fy
Percent reinforcement
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Ast 100
Pr
Bd
@ max 0.75d
d/2
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action
Vu
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
Bd
6
B b
Vu q B
d
2
1 5 1
Vu q B b d
2
Vu
v
'c K s 0.25 f ck
b0 d
b0 4 (b d )
K s 0.5
b
1
a
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
bd N/mm2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Ld
0.87 f ck
B b
50
4 1.6 bd 2
B b
50
1.5Q
cr
0.45 f ck
Af
Where 1.5 is the partial safety factor
Allowable bearing stress
0.45 f ck
E f 4700 f ck
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Where:
1.5qall
Ks
both ways
(n bars)
B
b
B
q
Mmax
Smax
Smax
Soil pressure
qall
Aact
Qtotal
B L
qall
Qtotal s DA Q
1.5Q
q
Aact
Bending moment
2
1
B b
M2 q L
2
2
1
La
M1 q B
2
2
M 1 0.138 f ck Ld
M
0.138 f ck L
B b
(d a & d b ) L a
4
Reinforcement
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Ast 2
f ck
0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
Ld
ck
Percent reinforcement
Ast 1 100
Pr
Bd
Ld
Reinforcement
Area in central band of width B is given by
Ast 2( B )
2 Ast 2
L
1
B
Ast ( remain )
Ast 2 Ast 2 ( B )
2
LB
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action
La
Vu q B
d
2
Bd
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
F q BL a b b d
F
v
'c K s 0.25 f ck
2 a b b d d
b
K s 0.5 1
a
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
bd N/mm2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Ld
0.87 f ck
B b
50
4 1.6 bd 2
B b
50
1.5Q
cr
0.45 f ck
Af
A1
A2
A1 a 2 2 d
0.45 f ck
A1
A2
A2 a b
E f 4700 f ck
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Where:
1.5qall
Ks
(L-B)/2
B
L
(L-B)/2
D
d
D1
D2
Q
H
Tall>H
V=Q.Cos
Q.Sin
T=V.tg(2/3)+2/3.C.B.L.
Tall=T/1.5
T
B
MB
eB=MB/Q
Varying pressure
Q QeB B
q
BB'
2I
MB
QeB B
y
I
I 2
B' B
I
12
Q=axial load
MB=moment
eB=eccentricity measure
from the center line of the
footing
I=moment of inertial of the
footing
Y=B/2
qmax
=
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB '
B
B
qall qmax
Q
qmin
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB '
B
MB
qmax
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB'
B
qall qmax
Q
MB
qmax
Not recommended
4Q
3 B ( B 2e B )
B to B=B-2eB
ML
L to L=L-2eL
A=B*L
MB
L
eB=MB/Q
eL=ML/Q
Verify stable of
footing when effect
two way bending
moment
Q = q .A
ult
c1
c2
d1
Nc
1,5d1
5,14CR
B
3d1
Nc
6,05CR < 6.05 for spread footing
B
If CR>1 :
for strip footing
N1
0,5 B
4,14
d1
1,1B
N2
4,14
d1
0,33B
N1
5,05
d1
0,66 B
N2
5,05
d1
N1 N 2
Nc
2
N1 N 2
d1c1 ( H d1 )c 2
c'
H
C and
2
Af
P
Pv
= 2(B+L)
= 0.5 1 d12+ s D d1
Ks =1-sin1
Af =BL
Af
qallowable =
qc
15
2- for B>1.22m
qallowable =
qc 3,28 B 1
25
3,28 B
N 60
D
q net ( KN / m )
1 0.33
0.05
B
all
S e (mm)
25
2- for B>1.22m
2
N 60 B 0.3
D
q net ( KN / m )
1 0.33
0.08
B
B
all
S e (mm)
25
Combined footing
Rectangular combined footing
b1
Q1
X1
Q1+Q2
L3
L1
Q2
b2
L2
Section
q
Plan
L1
Q1
Q1+Q2
X
L3
Q2
L2
Q1 Q2
A
qall ( net )
Q2 .L3
X
Q1 Q2
L 2( L1 X )
L1 L L2 L3
S3
L1
X2
S1
L2
X1
M max
M1
S4
M2
calculation
Bending moment at face of column 1:
M1=0.5q(L1-0.5b1)2
Bending moment at face of column 2:
M2=0.5q(L2-0.5b2)2
M
d
0.138 f ck L
Main negative longitudinal reinforcement
f
Ast 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
max
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Ld
0.87 f ck B b
50
4 bd
2
Percentage of reinforcement
Ast 1 100
Pr
Bd
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action column 2
b2
d
2
Vu S 4 q
Vu
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
Bd
6
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
For shear Two - Way Action: the critical section is taken at a distance 0.5d
away from face of column. the net shear force at the periphery given by :
b2 d
F 1.5Q1 qall
2 2
Nominal shear stress
d
4 b2 d
2
'c K s 0.25 f ck
b
K s 0.5 1
a
Point of inflection
Let us assume that zero bending moment
occurs at a distance x from the center of
column 1. then taken moment about the point
of inflection : 0.5q(L1+x)2-1.5Q1x=0
Similarly the point of inflection near column 2
can be obtained, that is : 0.5q(L 2+x)2-1.5Q2X=0
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
Ast 2
f
0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Transverse reinforcement
Effective depth :
d=adopt overall depth-cover-(bar)
Width of bending strip at column 1:
b1+2d so width available to the left of outer face of
column 1is L1-b1/2 then (B1)=L1+b1/2+B1+d
Factored upward pressure under column1:q=1.5Q1/B
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck 1
Bd
1
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck 2
Bd
2
E f 4700 f ck
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Where:
1.5qall
Ks
B2
B1
L
Combined footing
Trapezoidal combined footing
Q +Q
Q1
Section
L2
Q2
L3
L1
Plan
B1
B2
Q1 Q2
A
qall ( net )
B1 B2
A
L
2
Q2 .L3
X
Q1 Q2
L
L
X L2
3
2
Q1
Combined footing
Cantilever footing
Q
b1
Section
e R
1
L1
Plan
R2
B2
b2
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
Q1.e
R2 Q2
S'
R2 Q1 Q2 R1
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
b1
L1 2 e
2
A1
B1
L1
C is length of column
Design the dimension of second footing
R2
A2 all
qnet
A2
B2
L2
A1 A2
1
Design of footing slap for column 1 a1 b1 b1
2
a12
B1
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 1 M 1 p0
2
M1
The effective depth required is d1
0.138 f ck B1
Reinforcement
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck
1
Bd
1 1
0.12
Ast
B1d1
100
1
B2 b2
2
a22
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 2 M 2 p0
B2
2
The effective depth required is
Reinforcement
Ast 2
f ck
0.5
fy
M2
d2
0.138 f ck B2
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck
2
Bd
2 2
0.12
B2 d 2
100
Reinforcement
For bending moment M1
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
f
0.5 ck
fy
Ast 2
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
s 1 1
2
f
b
d
ck s
bd
s
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
b
d
ck s
bd
s
0.87 f y
M2
L0 Ld
F4
4 bd
L0 max{12 : d }
Shear diagram
L1
B2
W1
F
W2
q1
q2
S6
S2
S3
S4
S1
S5
M1
M3
W1
F
W2
q1
q2
S6
S2
S3
S1
S4
S5
x
Near support 2:
L0=b2/2-cover+anchorage(13)
0.87 f y
M2
L0 Ld
F5
4 bd
6
4
.
6
M
10
3
s 1 1
2
f
b
D
ck s
bD
s
0.87 f y
M3
1.3
L0 Ld
F6
4 bd
L0 max{12 : D}
Ast 100
Pr
bs d
Nominal shear stress
Vc
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
bs d
6
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
Vus S Vc
For 4- legged stirrups
Sv
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus
Asv 4
4
2.5 f y Asv
b
Steel arrangement
Q1
Q2
S
Section
L1
Plan
B2
Rock quality
)
2
N c 5 tan 4 (45 )
2
N N q 1
N q tan 6 (45
MN/m2
65250
30150
25130
540
Phi
kip/m2
9.536
4.022
3.519
0.756
(deg)
4555
3545
3045
1530
qu((Mpa)
Basalt
28
17-103
0.27-0.32
170-415
Granite
26.4
14-83
0.26-0.30
70-276
Schist
26
7-83
0.18-0.22
35-105
Limestone
26
21-103
0.24-0.45
35-170
Porous
limestone
3-83
0.35-0.45
7-35
Sandstone
22.8-23.6
3-42
0.20-0.45
28-138
Shale
15.7-2.2
3-21
0.25-0.45
7-40
concrete
15.7-23.6
variable
0.15
15-40
Settlement of shallow
foundation
Figure 1
Settlement profile
Settlement profile
Figure 2
Calculate immediate
settlement
Q
q0
Poissons ratio
E-Modulus of elasticity
Soil
Rock
Calculate immediate
At corner of thesettlement
flexible foundation S Bq
e
(1 )
E
2
0
Bq0
2
S
(
1
)
At center of the flexible foundation e E
1
ln
1 m 2 m
1 m 2 m
m ln
1 m 2 1
2
1 m 1
L
m
B
Bq0
Settlement for rigid foundation
S
(1 2 )
e
(1 2 ) av
Value of
Shape of
foundation
Flexible foundation
Center Corner Average
Circular
Square
1
1.12
L/B=1.5
L/B=5.0
L/B=10
1.36
2.1
2.54
0.64
0.85
0.56
0.95
Rectangular
0.68
1.15
1.05
1.83
1.27
2.25
Rigid
foundation
0.79
0.82
1.06
1.7
2.1
Immediate settlement of
foundation on saturated clay
A1
Circle
1
2
4
6
8
10
20
30
0.36
0.47
0.58
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
1
0.36
0.53
0.63
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
2
0.36
0.63
0.82
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
L/B
3
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.26
1.29
4
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.47
1.54
5
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.16
1.26
1.42
1.74
1.84
1
0.9
4
6
0.88
0.875
8
10
0.87
0.865
12
14
0.863
0.86
16
18
0.856
0.854
20
0.85
Consolidation settlement
WL (%)
Cc 0.2343
.s
100
1
( t 4 m b )
6
'P 22 I P
0.48
'P 7.04Cu
Cu
0.83
N
'P 0.193 0 '.
0 '
0.689
Consolidation settlement
For over consolidated clay 0<p
1- 'O + 'P
Cs.H
'o
S
log
1 eo
'o
W (%)
Cs 0,0463 L
.s
100
. log
1 eo
'o 1 eo
'P
Tolerable Settlement of
building
Settlement of foundation
i-total displacement at
point i
ij-different settlement
between point i and j
relative deflection
ij
ij= lij
angular
distortion
L=deflection ratio
1/750
1/600
1/500
1/300
1/300
1/250
1/150
1/150
1/150
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.001
0.005
0.005
Tilt of smokestacks,tower,silos,and so on
0.004
0.004
Crane ways
0.003
0.003
/L
Plain brick walls
For multistory dwelling and civil building
At L/H<3
0.0003
0.0004
At L/H>5
0.0005
0.0007
0.0010
0.0010
Allowable average
settlement(mm)
80
L/H<1.5
100
150
Framed building
100
300
Deep foundation
Deep foundation
3-The expansive and collapsible soils may extend to a
great depth below the ground surface.These soils
swell and shrink as the water content increase and
decrease.If shallow foundations are used, the
structure may suffer considerable damage.The pile
have to extend into stable soil layer beyond the zone
of possible moisture change.
4-The foundation of some structures, such as
transmission towers,offshore platforms, and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces.Pile are sometime used for these foundations
to resist the uplifting force.
Deep foundation
Types of piles
Different types of piles are used in construction
work,depending on the type of load to be
carried, the subsoil conditions,and the water
table.Pile can be divided into these categories:
-Steel piles
-Concrete piles
-Wooden(timber)piles
-Composite piles
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Steel
15-60
Practically
unlimited
Usual length
of pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Usual
load
(KN)
Approximate
maximum
load(KN)
3003000
precast::800900
Prestressed:
7500-8500
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
5-15
15-40
800
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
uncased
cast-in place
concrete
5-15
30-40
700
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Wood
10-15
30
270
Advantages: a-Economical
b-Permanently submerged piles are fairly resistant to decay
c-Easy to handle
D
(mm)
254
254
305
305
356
356
406
406
457
457
508
508
559
559
610
610
Area of
cross
section
(cm)
645
536
929
768
1265
1045
1652
1368
2090
1729
2581
2136
3123
2587
3658
3078
Perimeter
(mm)
1016
838
1219
1016
1422
1168
1626
1346
1829
1524
2032
1677
2235
1854
2438
2032
Number of strands
12.7-mm
11.1-mm
diameter
diameter
4
4
5
4
6
5
8
7
10
8
12
10
15
12
18
15
4
4
6
5
8
7
11
9
13
11
16
14
20
16
23
19
Minimum
effective
prestress
force (kN)
312
258
449
369
610
503
796
658
1010
836
1245
1032
1508
1280
1793
1486
Section
modulus
(m x 10-3)
2.737
1.786
4.719
3.097
7.489
4.916
11.192
7.341
15.928
10.455
21.844
14.355
29.087
19.107
37.756
34.794
Design bearing
capacity (kN)
Concrete strength
(MN/m)
34.5
556
462
801
662
1091
901
1425
1180
1803
1491
2226
1842
2694
2231
3155
2655
41.4
778
555
962
795
1310
1082
1710
1416
2163
1790
2672
2239
3232
2678
3786
3186
Model
no.
3100
540
060
OS-60
040
400C
8/0
S-20
5/0
200-C
150-C
S-14
140C
08
S-8
11B3
C-5
30-C
Type of
hammer
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Differential
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Double acting
Double acting
Double acting
Rated energy
(kN-m)
407
271
244
244
163
154
110
82
77
68
66
51
49
35
35
26
22
10
Blows per
minute
58
48
62
55
60
100
35
60
44
98
95-105
60
103
50
55
95
110
133
Ram weight
(kN)
449
182
267
267
178
178
111
89
78
89
67
62
62
36
36
22
22
13
Model
no.
K150
MB70
K-60
K-45
M-43
K-35
DE70B
K-25
N-46
520
M-14S
N-33
440
DE20
DE-10
180
Rated energy
(kN-m)
379.7
191.2-86
143.2
123.5
113.9-51.3
96
85.4-57
68.8
44.1
35.7
35.3-16.1
33.4
24.7
24.4-16.3
11.9
11.0
Piston weight
(kN)
147
71
59
44
42
34
31
25
18
23
13
13
18
9
5
8
ENR equations
WR h
Qu
S C
1,25 EH E WR n 2WP
Qu
S C WR WP
Danish equations
EH E
Qu
EH E L
S
2 AP EP
( EH )
Qu
WR WP
Qu L
S
AP E P
Value of E & n
Hammer type
Efficiency,E
0.7-0.85
Diesel hammers
0.8-0.9
Drop hammers
0.7-0.9
Pile material
Coefficient of restitution
n
0.4-0.5
0.3-0.4
Wooden pile
0.25-0.3
Pile foundation
Qu= Qp
Qu= Qp+Qs
Qs
Qs
Weak
soil
Qu= Qs
Weak
soil
Weak
soil
Lb
Qp
Qp
Rock
Qp
Strong soil layer
Nq e
*
7 tg
N ( N 1) cot
*
C
*
q
Nq e
*
7 tg
N ( N 1) cot
*
C
*
q
Critical depth
In the case of calculation of q, the normal
practice is to assume that q increases
linearly with depth from zero at ground
level to a maximum value q(max) at the tip
of pile.
However, extensive research carried out
by Vessic(1967) has indicated that q
varies linearly from the ground surface up
to a limited depth only beyond which q,
remains constant irrespective of the depth
of embedment of pile.
Critical depth
This phenomenon was attributed to arching of
SAND.
This depth within which q varies linearly with
depth may be called as the critical depth Dc.
From the curves given by Poulos (1980), we
may write
Critical depth
From Caquot & Kerisel Dc=B/4.N*q(2/3)
In Bearing Capacity Technical Guidance by Career
Development and Resources for Geotechnical
Engineers
-Dc = 10B, for loose silts and sands
-Dc = 15B, for medium dense silts and sands
-Dc = 20B, for dense silts and sands
-loose when
N<10 or <30
30<N or 36<
Critical depth
This critical concept implies that fs for cohesionless
soil for a driven pile varies linearly with depth up to
depth Dc only and beyond this depth fs remains
constant.
Note that the application concept Dc in case the soil is
homogeneous for the whole depth of embedment D.
Since no information is available on the layered
system of soil, this approach has to be used with
caution. Tomlinson(1986) Bowles(1988) has not use of
this concept .This indicates that this method has
not yet found favor with the designer.
we have =0.44
Skin friction
35KPa<Cu<80KPa
Skin friction for clayey soil for Bored pile or drilled shafts
f=xCu =0.45 for London clay
=0.7 time value for driven diplacement pile
=0
for Z<1.5
API(1984)
Skempton(1959)
Flaming et al(1985)
Reese and Oneill(1985)
Tomlinson method
Case 1:pile driven through sands or sandy
gravels into stiff clay strata.
Case 2:pile driven through soft clay into
stiff clay strata.
Case 3:pile driven into a firm to stiff clay
without any overlying strata.
The value of vary with Cu and L/B ratio
Tomlinson method
Hf
Clay
Hf
fill
L
Sand
fill
L1
Neutral
plane
Sand
Clay
Where:
L H f L H f 'f H f
L1
L1
2
'
2 ' f H f
'
C
0.45
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.4
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.04 Ls/D
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.35
0.25
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.25
Decourt(1982)
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.2
Decourt(1982)
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.2
Matin et al.(1987)
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.12
Decourt(1982)
All soil
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.3
Sand
By Decourt(1982)
ForL/D>=5
If L/D<5,C=0.1+0.04L/D
for closed end pile
and C=0.06L/D
for open end pile
0.15
qp<3.0MPa
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
qp<7.5MPa
Yamashita et al(1987)
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
Bored pile
Sand
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.1
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
A
0
B
2
10
3.3
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
30
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
3.3
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
3.3
N=average SPT
along Shaft
3<N<50
Mayerhof(1956)
Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Decourt(1982)
Shioi and Fukui(1982)
qf<200Kpa
Yamashita et al(1987)
Shioi and Fukui(1982)
qf<150Kpa
Yamashita et al(1987)
Wright &Reese(1979)
qf<170Kpa
Decourt(1982)
qb KN b
Nm
q f 10
1
3
N 72 N 60
60
72
qp=qu-R(N+1)
Where N=tg2(45+/2)
qu-R=unconfined compression strength of rock
=drained angle of friction of rock
The allowable load-carrying capacity of the pile
point.thus
Q p ( all )
uR
( N 1) AP
FS
FS=3
qu-R(Mpa)
Sandstone
70-140
Limestone
105-210
Shale
35-70
Granite
140-210
Marble
60-70
qu R ( design )
qu R (lab )
5
And
QU L
Se(s)=
AC EC
Se(b)=
QU I f
DS Emass
CS
3
DS
Qu 3qU Ac
10 1 300
CS
0.5
Where
Cs=Spacing of discontinuities
=Thickness of individual discontinuity
qu=unconfined compression strength of
the rock beneath the base of the socket or
drilled shaft concrete, whichever is smaller.
Note that applies for horizontally stratified
discontinuities with Cs>305 mm and <5mm
Angle of friction
(deg)
27-45
Limestone
30-40
Shale
10-20
Granite
40-50
Marble
25-30
Group pile
Pile cap
d
d
Bg
d
Lg
Efficiency factor
Efficiency factor
Qg ( u )
Q( u )
Pn1n2
90n1n2
(deg) arctg ( D / d )
Pile in sand
Pile in clay
The ultimate load bearing capacity of group piles in clay
may be estimated with the following procedure:
1-Determine Qu=n1n2(QP+Qs) ;
Qu=n1n2[9CuAp+ PCuL]
2-determine the ultimate capacity by assuming that the
piles in the group act as a block with dimension
Lg*Bg*L.The skin resistance of the block is:
Qs(g)= Cu Lg+Bg)L
Calculate the point bearing capacity from
QP(g)=N*cCuLgBg , N*C=5.14(1+0.2Bg/Lg)(1+0.2L/Bg)<9
Q(u)=Qs(g)+QP(g)
3-Compare the 2 results,The lower of the two value is
Qg(u)
Piles in rock
For point bearing piles resting on
rock,most building codes specify that
Qg(u)= Q(u),provided that the minimum
center to center spacing of pile is
D+300mm.For H-piles and piles with
square cross sections,the magnitude of D
is equal to the diagonal dimension of the
pile cross section
(Q pall Q all
f )L
Ap E p
q all
p B
E
(1 2 )
L
I f 2 0.35
B
0.96q Bg I
N 60
1:4
Soft CLAY
Q
q
B ' L'
d
2L/3
L
q
1:2
d
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+L/3
B&L
L=B+2d+L/3
Q
q
B ' L'
Soft CLAY
d
L
2D/3
q D 1:4
d
B&L
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+D/3
Dense SAND
L=B+2d+D/3
1:4
Soft CLAY
Q
q
B ' L'
d
2L/3
L
q
B&L
d d
Hard CLAY
Soft CLAY
30
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+L/3
L=B+2d+L/3
Q
q
B ' L'
Soft CLAY
d
L
Bg
Lg
q
1:2
B&L
B=B+d
Hard stratum
L=B+2d
Mr. Sieng
PEOU
Master
science of
geotechnical
engineering