BASIC PROTECTION AND

RELAYING SCHEMES

Submitted bySomali ajal Das

0901106068

Guided by Dr. Abhimanyu

Mohapatra
Dr. Ranjan Ku. Jena

Agenda

Why protection is needed

Principles and elements of the protection
system
Basic protection schemes
Digital relay advantages and enhancements

Disturbances: Light or
Severe
The power system must maintain acceptable
operation 24 hours a day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits

Small disturbances
The control system can handle these
Example: variation in transformer or generator load

Severe disturbances require a protection

system
They can jeopardize the entire power system
They cannot be overcome by a control system

Power System Protection

Operation during severe disturbances:
System element protection
System protection
Automatic reclosing
Automatic transfer to alternate power supplies
Automatic synchronization

Electric Power System Exposure to

External Agents

Damage to Main
Equipment

Protection System
A series of devices whose main purpose
is to protect persons and primary electric
power equipment from the effects of faults

The Sentinels

Blackouts
Main Causes

Characteristics
Loss of service in a
large area or
population region
Hazard to human life
May result in
enormous economic
losses

Overreaction of the
protection system
Bad design of the
protection system

Short Circuits Produce High

Currents
Three-Phase Line
a
b
c
I
Fault

Substation
Thousands of Amps

Wire

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Severe damage to the faulted equipment :
Excessive current may flow;
Causes burning of conductors or equipment
windings;
Arcing - energy dissipation;
Risk of explosions for oil - filled switchgear, or
when in hazardous environments.
Damage to adjacent plant :
As the fault evolves, if not cleared quickly;
Due to the voltage depression / loss of supply.

Mechanical Damage During

Short Circuits

Very destructive in busbars, isolators,

supports, transformers, and machines
Damage is instantaneous
Mechanical
Forces

f1

f2

i1
i2
Rigid Conductors

f1(t) = k i1(t) i2(t)

The Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Essential qualities of protection:

Reliability
SelectivityAbsolute or relative
Fastness
Discrimination

Protection System
Elements
Protective relays

Circuit breakers
Current and voltage transducers
Communications channels
DC supply system
Control cables

Protective relays:

A device which detect intolerable or

unwanted conditions within the assigned
area.
* A watchman or watchdog for the
equipment/area
* Silent sentinels to power system.

How relays are

differentiated?

Can be differentiated based on:

* Functional categories
* Input quantities
*Operating Principles
* Performance Characteristics.

What are various design

criteria?

* Dependability/Reliability
* Security
* Selectivity
*Speed
* Simplicity/flexibility
*Stability
*Performance Vs. Economy

What are various technique

used?

* Electromechanical
*Solid state/Static
* Microprocessor/Numerical

Non-Unit, or Unrestricted
Protection :
No specific point downstream up to which
protection will protect

Will operate for faults on the protected

equipment;
May also operate for faults on downstream
equipment, which has its own protection;
Need for discrimination with downstream
protection, usually by means of time grading.

Unit, or Restricted
Protection :
Has an accurately defined zone of
protection
An item of power system plant is
protected as a unit;
Will not operate for out of zone
faults, thus no back-up protection
for downstream faults.

Types of relays
As per function:
Main
Auxiliary
Signal
As per actuating quantity
Overrelays
Underrelays

Types
As per connection
Primary
Secondary(common)
As per action on CB
Direct acting
Indirect acting
As per construction
Electromagnetic

Types..
Static
Numerical
As per comparator types
Single input comparator
Two input comparator
Multiple input comparator

Methods of
disciminations:
To locate fault
by time
by current grading
by time and direction
by distance
by time, current and distance
by current balance
by power direction comparison
Type of fault

Three-Phase Diagram of the Protection

Team

DC Tripping Circuit

Circuit Breakers

Current Transformers

Very High Voltage CT

Medium-Voltage CT

Voltage Transformers

Medium Voltage

High Voltage

Note: Voltage transformers

are also known as potential
transformers

Protective Relays

Examples of Relay
Panels

MicroprocessorBased Relay
Old Electromechanical

How Do Relays Detect

When a fault takes place, the current,
Faults?
voltage, frequency, and other electrical

variables behave in a peculiar way. For

example:
Current suddenly increases
Voltage suddenly decreases

Relays can measure the currents and the

voltages and detect that there is an
overcurrent, or an undervoltage, or a
combination of both
Many other detection principles determine
the design of protective relays

Primary Protection

Primary Protection Zone

Overlapping
Protection
Zone A
52
To Zone A
Relays

Protection
Zone B
To Zone B
Relays

Protection
Zone A
52
To Zone A
Relays

Protection
Zone B
To Zone B
Relays

Backup Protection
Breaker 5
Fails
C

11

12

T
B

10

Typical Short-Circuit Type

Distribution
Single-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase-Ground:
Phase-Phase:
Three-Phase:

7080%
1710%
108%
32%

Balanced vs.
Unbalanced Conditions

Ia

Ic
Ic

Ia

Ib
Ib

Balanced System

Unbalanced System

Decomposition of an
Unbalanced System

Power Line Protection

Principles

Overcurrent (50, 51, 50N, 51N)

Directional Overcurrent (67, 67N)
Distance (21, 21N)
Differential (87)

Characteristics of overcurrent
relays:

Definite time
IDMT- inverse definite minimum time
Very inverse
Extremely inverse

Application of Inverse-Type
Relays
Relay
Operation
Time

I
Radial Line
Fault

Load

Inverse-Time Relay
Coordination
I

Distance

T
Distance

50/51 Relay Coordination

Distance

T
Distance

Directional Overcurrent
Protection
Basic Applications

Distance Relay Principle

L
d
I a , Ib , Ic

Va ,Vb ,Vc

21

Three-Phase
Solid Fault

Suppose Relay Is Designed to Operate

When:

| Va | (0.8) | Z L1 || I a |

Radial
Line

The Impedance Relay

Characteristic
R 2 X 2 Z r21
X
Operation Zone

Z Z r1

Plain Impedance Relay

Zr1

Radius Zr1
R

Need for Directionality

F1

F2
1

RELAY 3
Operation Zone

X
F1
F2

Nonselective
Relay Operation

Three-Zone Distance
Protection
Time
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
1

Time
Zone 1 Is Instantaneous

Circular Distance Relay

Characteristics
X

PLAIN
IMPEDANCE

OFFSET
MHO (2)

R
R
X

LENS
(RESTRICTED MHO 1)

MHO

R
X

OFFSET
MHO (1)

TOMATO
(RESTRICTED MHO 2)

Differential Protection
Principle Balanced CT Ratio
CT

CT
Protected
Equipment

50

External
Fault

IDIF = 0

No Relay Operation if CTs Are Considered Ideal

Differential Protection
Principle
CTR

CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault
50

IDIF > ISETTING

Relay Operates

Problem of Unequal CT
Performance
CT
CT
Protected
Equipment

50

External
Fault

IDIF 0

False differential current can occur if a CT

saturates during a through-fault
Use some measure of through-current to
desensitize the relay when high currents are
present

Possible Scheme Percentage

Differential Protection Principle
CTR

SP

RP

Protected
Equipment

CTR

R
Relay
(87)

Compares:

I OP I S I R

k I RT

| IS | | IR |
k
2

Differential Protection
Applications

Bus protection
Transformer protection
Generator protection
Line protection
Large motor protection
Reactor protection
Capacitor bank protection
Compound equipment protection

Differential Protection
Summary
The overcurrent differential scheme is simple
and economical, but it does not respond well
to unequal current transformer performance

The percentage differential scheme

responds better to CT saturation
Percentage differential protection can be
analyzed in the relay and the alpha plane
Differential protection is the best alternative
selectivity/speed with present technology

Advantages of Digital
Relays
Multifunctional

Compatibility with
digital integrated
systems

Low maintenance
(self-supervision)

Highly sensitive,
secure, and
selective

Adaptive

Highly reliable
(self-supervision)

Reduced burden
on
CTs and VTs

Programmable
Versatile

Low Cost

Why study this

protection scheme??

Protection scheme plays a vital & important role

for the normal operation or the steady state
operation of different components of power system
network, which must be reliable, fast and efficient.
In order to achieve all these features, it is essential
that these should be proper care in designing and
choosing an appropriate and efficient protection
scheme.

The protective relays functions as the brain

behind the whole schemes

THANK
YOU