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PROTECTION
BY:MOHD MOIZUDDIN
4-2, B.TECH EEE,
SHADAN COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
0Short Lines
0Medium Lines
0Long Lines
Frequency
5%
Protection Scheme
0Protection Scheme for Transmission lines as per CBIP
guidelines
protection schemes
Two stage over voltage protection
Sensitive IDMT directional E/F relays
Auto reclose relay suitable for 1 ph/3ph (with deadline
charging and
synchro check) reclosure.
0Types of main Protections:
Over
Current Protection.
distance protection.
Max. operating time under given conditions shall be as follows
ZL
ZS
X X
If
If = E/(ZS+ZL)
The reach of over current relay is function of Source
Impedance which varies considerably, making it difficult
to get fast and Selective tripping .
Un effected By:
0
0
0
0
0
Distance Protection
0Type of distance relays
0Reactance
0
0
0
0
0Impedance
0 Suitable for medium lines
0
Non directional
0
Effected by fault resistance
0Mho
0 Directional
0 Least effected by power swings
0 Less effected by fault resistance
Z3
Z2
Z1
Load
Area
R
= relay characteristic angle
R
= relay characteristic angle
Lenticular characteristics
The characteristic of lenticular mho will be useful to
provide maximum load transfer condition with
maximum fault resistance coverage.
Z-3
Z-2
Z-1
Load
Z-3
Quadrilateral characteristic
It is a basically a reactance relay superseded with
controlled resistive reach.
Z-3
Z-2
Z-1
Z-3
Z-1&2
Z2
Z3
Z1
X
over reach
Relay measured impedance less than the actual fault
Impedance. i.e effective reach of the relay increases
Under reach
Relay measured impedance is more than actual impedance.
i.e. Effective reach of the relay decreases
Parallel Compensation
0Necessity of parallel compensation:
For the fault on the parallel line, fault current also fed from healthy line and
0 this current pass through ground. This current changes the mutual
0 inductance and in turn causes relay measuring impedance to increase and
0 is more than actual fault impedance.
This effect will be compensated by connecting neutral current of the line to
0 parallel line.
This compensation will not work, if the parallel line neutral current is more
0 than line neutral current.
ZONE - I CHARACTERISTICS
Should isolate the faulted section instantaneously
Should cover protected circuit &fault resistance with some
margin to take care of errors in measurement
Selective phase tripping for 1ph to ground faults for
auto reclose of the breaker.
Fast operation with secured directional discrimination.
Should be stable in the presence of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ZONE-II CHARACTERISTICS
Delayed tripping and non selective phase tripping.
Provide back up protection for part of adjacent line.
Trip the faulty line instantaneously using carrier aided tripping.
Time delay is normally 500ms
ZONE-III CHARACTERISTICS
This provides back up protection for the adjacent lines or
transformer
Time delay is normally 1500ms
ZONE IV CHARACTERISTICS
This provides back up protection for the station faults
It is normally in the reverse direction
Time delay is normally 1500ms
Distance Schemes:
1 . P . U . R -- Permissive under reach scheme
2. P . O . R -- Permissive Over Reach scheme
3. BLOCKING SCHEME
4. WEAK END FEED
CARRIER SCHEMES - P U R
Z2A
Fault
Z1A
A
Z1B
Z2B
CARRIER
RELAY
CHANNEL
Trip = Z1 + Z2.CR+Z3.T3+Z2.T2
CS = Z1
Under reaching zone sends carrier signal
RELAY
CARRIER SCHEMES - P O R
Z2A
Fault
Z1A
A
Z1B
Z2B
RELAY
CARRIER
B
RELAY
Weak
End
Fault
Z1B
Z2B
RELAY
CARRIER
B
RELAY
AUTORECLOSE PHILOSOPHY
NEED FOR AUTO RECLOSE
1. REDUCING OUTAGE TIME
2. IMPROVED RELIABILITY
3. RESTORATION OF NETWORK STABILITY AND
SYNCHRONISM
TYPES OF FAULTS
1. TRANSIENT FAULTS
2. SEMI PERMANENT FAULTS
3. PERMANENT FAULTS
DEAD TIME :
The time between the autoreclose scheme being energised
and the operation of the contacts which energise the CB closing
Circuit.
RECLAIM TIME :
The time following a successful closing operation measured
from the instant the A/R relay closing contacts make, which
must elapse before the autoreclose relay will initiate reclosing
sequence in the event of a further fault.
Power Swing
0Power Swings are disturbances in system due to various reasons
0such as sudden load throw, bad synchronization etc
0Power swings are characterized by slow power flow oscillations,
0resulting in swinging of voltages and currents, resulting in
0operating point movement into distance relay characteristics,
0in turn can cause tripping of distance relays.
0Tripping during power swings is undesirable since no actual fault
0is present and moreover a line outage during power swing may
0cause further deterioration to system stability.
0Detection of power swing will block the distance protection
0Zones 2,3,4. Normally tripping in Zone-I is not blocked even after
Z2
Z1
R
Switch on to fault
0This feature provide protection against energisation of the
Stub Protection
Bus-2
Bus-1
21
Ckt-1
Ckt-2
DEF Protection
0It provides back up protection for tr. line.
0It provides reliable protection for high
discrimination.
breaker to open.
0It opens source to that breaker (i.e other end
0Stage II
0Setting: 140%
0Time delay: Instantaneous.