Outline

Basic Statistics -Remember the 3 Ms?

(Mean, Median, and Mode)

Hypotheses Statements
Testing of Hypotheses
Research Proposal+ Quiz + Assign

The Mean
The mean is one of the commonly used

statistics in science. It is often the "Expected

Value" i.e. the value we expect to get.
The mean is found by totalling the values for
all observations (x) and dividing by the total
number of observations (n).

The formula for finding

the mean is:

Mean = x
n

Mean?
Mean: the sum of the data items divided by

the number of data items.

These are data items:
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 8, and 12

2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 8 + 8 + 12
7 (total data items)
42 / 7 = the mean, which is 6

Median?
Odd Number of Data Items: the middle

number when the data items are put in

numerical order.
Even Number of Data Items: the two middle
numbers when data items are put in
numerical order.
Median is the middle of the road

Median?
So find the median with these data items.
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 8, and 12
Theyre in order
There are 7 numbers, meaning odd.
So which is the middle most number?
The median is 5.

Mode?
Mode: is the data item that occurs most often.
There can be one mode, multiple modes, or

no mode. You can say how many modes there

are too!
What about our previous data set?
2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 8, and 12
8 is a mode for these data items.

Find me the M, M & Ms

12, 14, 26, 37, 8, and 14
Re-order: 8, 12, 14, 14, 26, 37.
Mean: 18.5
Median: 14
How many Modes: 1
Mode: 14

Find me the M, M & Ms

2.3, 4.3, 3.2, 2.9, 2.7, and 2.3.
Re-order: 2.3, 2.3, 2.7, 2.9, 3.2, 4.3.
Mean: 2.95
Median: 2.8
How many Modes? 1
Mode: 2.3

Find me ONLY Mode:

Grape, grape, banana, nectarine, strawberry,

strawberry, strawberry, orange, watermelon.

How many modes?
Just one: strawberry.

How many modes?

11, 9, 7, 7, 8, 8, 13, 11
3 Modes
38.5, 55.4, 45.3, 38.5, 68.4
1 Mode

Outlier
Outlier: is a data item (data value) that is

much higher or lower than the other data

values.
Outliers can affect the mean of a group of
data.
Example: 2, 3.5, 1, 2.5, 5 billion.
Example: 35, 45, 40, 37, -6.

Describing Data with M, M,

& M.
You can use what you know about Mean,

Median, and Mode to describe data.

But figuring out which M describes it best is
difficult.

Nah! Its got to be

mean!

I think mode describes it

best!

Which M, M, & M is best?

The favorite movie of students in the eighth

grade class?
Mode: good for non-numerical data items and
for frequent occurrences.

Which M, M, & M is best?

The distances students in your class travel to

school.
Median: one student may live much far than
everyone else. When an outlier may
significantly influence the mean, we use
median.

Which M, M, & M is best?

The daily high temperature during a week in

July.
Mean: since daily temp. are not likely to have
outlier, mean is best. When data have no
outlier, use mean.

Standard Deviation
Measures of the spread of data are the

standard deviation, and variance

For s.d. calculate the difference of each

observation and the mean, square it, add
all these up, divide by the sample size, and
take the square root.
Refers to actual population

Hypothesis Statement
Format
Three formats of hypothesis: The hypothesis
must satisfy the following statements.
Question
Conditional statement
If, then statement

That is every hypothesis statement can allow us

to make question.
Second the statement should be in the form of
conditional statement.
Third it is also in the form of if followed by then
statement.

Hypothesis Statement
Example
"If the size of the body is related to weight
then people with more weight are considered
as fat".
First we can question "Does the weight affect

the size of body?".

Second it specifies that the weight may
change the size of the body.
Third is it in the form of if, then statement.
Hence it is hypothesis statement.

Hypothesis
Formulate Null and Alternative hypothesis
Null hypothesis H0 : Population means equal

If two groups:

1 =

If three+ groups:

1 = ==

Alternative hypothesis: H1 : mean NOT equal

If two groups::

If three+ groups:

As a researcher, you want to reject the null.

5-Step Hypothesis Testing Procedure

Step 1: Set up the null and alternative hypotheses.
Step 2: Define the test procedure.
Step 3: Collect the data and calculate the test
statistic.
Step 4: Decide whether or not to reject the null
hypothesis.
Step 5: Interpret the statistical decision in terms of
the stated problem.

Thank You!