Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
By
Karl E. Case,
Ray C. Fair &
Sharon M. Oster
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
1 of 22
2 of 22
12
Prepared by:
Fernando & Yvonn Quijano
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
3 of 22
12
CHAPTER OUTLINE
General Equilibrium Analysis
A Technological Advance: The
Electronic Calculator
Market Adjustment to Changes in
Demand
Formal Proof of a General
Competitive Equilibrium
Allocative Efficiency and Competitive
Equilibrium
Pareto Efficiency
The Efficiency of Perfect Competition
Perfect Competition versus Real
Markets
The Sources of Market Failure
Imperfect Markets
Public Goods
Externalities
Imperfect Information
Evaluating the Market Mechanism
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
4 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
5 of 22
In the 1970s and 1980s, major technological changes occurred in the calculator industry. In
1975, 18.1 million calculators were sold at an average price of $62.
As technology made it possible to produce at lower costs, cost curves shifted downward.
As new firms entered the industry and existing firms expanded, output rose and market
price dropped. In 1983, 30.9 million calculators were produced and sold at an average
price of under $30.
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
6 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
7 of 22
Ethanol and
Land Prices
The U.S. government
provides large subsidies
for ethanol, a fuel
produced from corn.
Proponents of the
ethanol subsidies
suggest that it is one piece of a policy that can help the
United States reduce its dependence on foreign oil. In part
as a result of these subsidies, the midwestern United
States has seen a large increase in corn production
relative to other grains.
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
8 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
9 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
10 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
11 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
12 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
13 of 22
The condition that ensures that the right things are produced is
P = MC.
FIGURE 12.3 The Key Efficiency Condition: Price Equals Marginal Cost
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
14 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
15 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
16 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
17 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
18 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
19 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
20 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
21 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
22 of 22
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
23 of 22
efficiency
externality
general equilibrium
imperfect competition
imperfect information
market failure
monopoly
2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Principles of Economics 9e by Case, Fair and Oster
24 of 22