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Photochemistry
AOSC 637
R. Dickerson
Fall 2011
Copyright 2011 R. R. Dickerson
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General Remarks
Photodissociation is the most important class
of photochemical process in the atmosphere:
AB + hv
A+B
From S. Nidkorodov
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From S. Nidkorodov
Polyatomic Molecules
H2O:
C6H6:
C60:
s=3
s = 30
s = 174
b
a
b
c
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Start 3/3/11 So what are those funny symbols behind the O atoms and
O2 molecules? Term Symbols.
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Where S = 2s + 1.
When the value of S is 1, 2, 3, the spectra appear as singlets, doublets,
triplets etc.
L or = 0 1 2 3 4 5
Atoms = S P D F G H
Molecules =
Atoms and molecules tend toward the lowest energy levels. Finding the
lowest levels for molecules is complicated, but for atoms:
Lowest n
Highest l
Highest s (no two electrons in the same shell until they are all occupied
by at least one electron).
Lowest j
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S 0 is a forbidden transition.
Let us examine O atoms as an example.
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Transition
Wavelength
(m)
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Energy
(kcal/mole)
Natural
Line shape
Very sharp
Vibrations
(with
rotations)
1-30
1-10
Thin
Electronic
0.1 1
10-250
Broad
Pure rotation
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Line Shapes
Natural broadening, an inherent property of all atoms and molecules,
is the result of the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle.
Et = h/2
N = 2/(2ct)
N = (2t)-1
The slowest transitions (rotations) must be accompanied by the least
uncertainty in energy and are thus sharpest. For similar types of
transitions the line width depends on the stability of the upper level. In
the emission of light from an excited molecule, if the higher energy state
is stable it will have a long lifetime and a small energy spread leading to
sharp lines. Conversely if the excited state is unstable and the emission
happens in a short time the line will be relatively broad.
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Line Shapes
Doppler broadening, caused by thermal motions toward or away from
the observer, is the same as thermal broadening. an inherent property
of all atoms and molecules, is the result of the Heisenberg uncertainty
Principle.
D RT
Pressure broadening, caused by collisions between molecules, is also
called Lorentz broadening. Collisions perturb the energy level of excited
molecules and generally reduce their energy thus broadening and red
shifting the lines. Ozone in the troposphere is subject to more pressure
broadening than in the stratosphere and thus has broader (and
asymmetric) absorptions lines, allowing ozone near the tropopause to
absorb radiation that passes through the stratospheric ozone maximum.
The 9.6 m band of O3 adds to the greenhouse effect.
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R branch
P branch
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Big Gap
Selection rules:
J = 1, not 0
for diatomics
v = 1
Copyright 2011 R. R. Dickerson
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O2 + hv O(3P) + O(1D)
Herzberg band
E 57,000 cm-1 or 175 nm.
O2 + hv 2O(3P)
Schumann-Runge bands
E 40,000 cm-1 or 250 nm.
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Chappuis
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2.Ozone:
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Lets look at an important photochemically active molecule in detail from the ground
up, considering all possible reactions.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(8)
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300 nm
400 nm
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Stutz et al. (2004; 2009) measured a lot of HONO during the morning.
They observed HONO/NO2 ratios of 2 to 9%. Concentrations were
in the range of 1 ppb for NOx of 20 ppb. The homogeneous
chemistry alone will not explain HONO.
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Reactions in Solution
(Also called multiphase or heterogeneous
reactions)
Atmosphere contains aqueous phase material:
Clouds, fogs, rain, particulate matter
Aqueous solutions or film of water surrounding insoluble
core
More on this stuff later in course
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Diffusion of gases
fast relative to in
aqueous phase
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D
Copyright 2010 R. R. Dickerson &
Z.Q. Li
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