INGLS

Prueba Acceso a la Universidad

Prueba.
Una hora de duracin.
Traduccin de un texto del ingls al
espaol.
No se permite el diccionario.

Orientaciones para traducir.

Lectura global. Para captar de qu trata el

texto aproximadamente, por palabras que nos
sean familiares (recuerdo su significado o se
parecen en espaol).
Escribir un borrador de la traduccin. Podr
tener traducciones literales (aunque nos suenen
mal) o espacios en blanco.
Saber que puede haber muchas
traducciones vlidas. Se pueden utilizar
sinnimos, alterar el orden de las palabras).
Hay muchas traducciones posibles de un
mismo texto y que estaran bien.
CUIDAR TODOS LOS ASPECTOS
FORMALES.

TEMA 1.

El artculo.
El verbo ser/estar.

Pronombres personales

I=
yo
You = T
He = l
She = Ella
It = l / Ella (para animales o cosas)
We = Nosotros, nosotras
You = Vosotros, vosotras
They = Ellos, ellas

Verbo To Be = Ser o Estar

I
am
Im
Yo soy, estoy
You are
Youre
T eres, ests
He is
Hes
l es, est
She is
Shes
Ella es, est
It
is
Its
l/Ella es, est (para animales o cosas)
We are
Were
Nosotros/as somos, estamos
You are
Youre
Vosotros/as sois, estais
They are
Theyre
Ellos/as son, ellos/as estn

Como se niega

Usamos la partcula not.

I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
You are not
They are not

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

I`m not
You arent
He isnt
She isnt
It isnt
We arent
You arent
They arent

Como se pregunta

Invertimos el orden Sujeto + Verbo

I am

Am I ?
Are you ok ?
Is he ?
Is she ?
Is it ?
Are we ?
Are you ok ?
Are they ?

EL ARTCULO.

THE = el, la, los, las.

The car

The apple

The pupil

A = un, uno, unas, unos.

A boy

A pencil

A woman

Cuando la siguiente palabra

comienza por vocal usamos AN

An apple

An uncle

CUIDADO: a house
an hour
Nos fijaremos en su pronunciacin.

Para decir unos, unas (algunas

cosas) usamos:
SOME
Some people

Some milk

Cuidado:

Con profesiones no se traduce:

I am a teacher = Yo soy maestra

A veces cambia al traducir:

- 20 pence a kilo = 20 peniques el kilo

- 8 kilometres an hour= 8 kilmetros

por hora

En estas construcciones:

WHAT A + ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO!

QU _________ TAN ________ !
A = TAN

What a beautiful girl! = Qu nia tan

bonita!
What an expensive car! = Qu coche tan
caro!

SUJETO + TO BE + SUCH A +
ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO

A = TAN
She is such a nice girl! = Es una nia tan bonita!

There is / There are

There is a = Hay PARA UNA SOLA COSA

There is a book. There is a finger.

There are = Hay PARA VARIAS COSAS

There are some maps. There are five doors.

This / That / These / Those

This = este, esta
That = ese, esa, aquel, aquella
These = estos, estas
Those = esos, esas, aquellos aquellas

These es el plural de this.

Those es el plural de that.

TEMA 2.

El sustantivo.
El verbo tener/haber.
Partculas
interrogativas.

Partculas interrogativas.

What?
When?
Where?
Who?
Whose?
Which?

Qu? Cul?
Cundo?
Dnde?
Quin?
De quin?
Cul? Cuando hay eleccin

entre varias cosas.

Why?
Por qu?
What time? A qu hora?
How?
Cmo?

How old? Cuntos aos?

How long? Durante cunto tiempo?
How often? Con qu frecuencia?
How far?
A qu distancia?
How much? Cuntos? + Incontables
How many? Cuntos? + Contables

Sustantivos.
Reglas para formar el plural.
1. La regla bsica
para formar el
plural es aadir
una s.

Singular

Plural

Table

Tables

Bank

Banks

Dog

Dogs

Cup

Cups

2. Cuando la palabra
acaba en ch
sh
x
ss
z
o
(menos piano:
pianos)
se aade es.

Singular

Plural

Church

Churches

Dish

Dishes

Box

Boxes

Loss

Losses

Quiz

Quizes

Tomato
Volcano

Tomatoes
Volcanoes

3. Cuando la palabra
acaba en f
fe
la f cambia a v y
se aade es.

Singular

Plural

Thief

Thieves

Leaf

Leaves

Half

Halves

Knife

Knives

Life

Lives

Wife

Wives

4. Cuando la palabra
acaba en
consonante + y

Singular

la y se convierte en Baby
i y ponemos es.
Lady

Plural
Babies
Ladies

Country

Countries

Day

Days

Boy

Boys

Plurales irregulares.
SINGULAR

PLURAL

Child

Children

Ox

Oxen

Man

Men

Woman

Women

Person

People

Tooth

Teeth

Mouse

Mice

Fish

Fish

Sheep

Sheep

Cuidado con

Cuando es una palabra compuesta,

se aade la s final a la palabra que
hace de sustantivo.
Father-in-law

Fathers-in-law

Hay palabras sobre ropa o comida que slo

tienen singular o plural.
SLO SINGULAR

Rice
Bread
Water
Pasta
Toast

SLO PLURAL
Trousers
Pyjamas
Shorts
Knickers
Tights

Reglas para formar el

gnero.

La mayora de las palabras sirven

indistintamente para masculino y
femenino.
Friend : amigo, amiga
Writer: escritor, escritora
Teacher: profesor, profesora

PERO
1. Puede existir una palabra diferente para
femenino y masculino:
King
Man
Boy
Father
Husband
Son

Queen
Woman
Girl
Mother
Wife
Daughter

Brother
Uncle
Nephew
Gentelman
Bull
Cock

Sister
Aunt
Niece
Lady
Cow
Hen

2. En algunas palabras en masculino se

aade el sufijo ess para formar el
femenino:
Actor
Tiger
Prince
Waiter
God
Lion

Actress
Tigress
Princess
Waitress
Goddess
Lioness

2. En otras palabras se aade un

sufijo al femenino para formar el
masculino:
Widow

Widower

O al revs:
Actor

Actress

4. Por ltimo, hay sustantivos que sirven para

los dos:
Child: nio, nia
Friend: amigo, amiga
Teacher: profesor, profesora
Citizen: ciudadano, ciudadana
Guest: invitado, invitada
Y podramos anteponer otras palabras para
aclararlo:
A male teacher
The orphan boy
A female teacher The orphan girl

El verbo To Have.
Presente
FORMA AFIRMATIVA.
I have = Ive
Yo tengo
You have = YouveT tienes
He has = Hes
l tiene
She has = Shes
Ella tiene
It has = Its
l/ella tiene (cosa, animal)
We have = Weve
Nosotros/as tenemos
You have = Youve Vosotros/as teneis
They have = Theyve
Elllos/as tienen

FORMA NEGATIVA.
I do not have= I dont have
You do not have = You dont have
He does not have= He doesnt have
He does not have= He doesnt have
He does not have= He doesnt have
We do not have = We dont have
You do not have = You dont have
They do not have = They dont have

FORMA INTERROGATIVA.
Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo ?
Do I have ?
Do you have ?
Does he have ?
Does she have ?
Does it have ?
Do we have ?
Do you have ?
Do they have ?

Colours.
ROJO : RED
AZUL : BLUE
AMARILLO : YELLOW
VERDE : GREEN
NARANJA : ORANGE
VIOLETA : VIOLET
ROSA : PINK
CELESTE : SKY BLUE
GRIS : GREY
MARRN : BROWN
BLANCO : WHITE
NEGRO : BLACK
DORADO : GOLDEN
PLATEADO : SILVER
MARFIL : IVORY

oscuro = dark
dark blue
claro = light
light blue

Prepositions.

About : alrededor de, sobre

Above : por encima de
after: : detrs de, despus de
Among : entre (tres o ms)aten, junto a
Before : antes de, delante de
Behind : detrs de
Below : debajo de
Beneath : debajo de
Beside : junto a
Between : entre (dos o ms)
But : excepto, pero

By : por, junto a
Down : hacia abajo
Except : excepto
For : para, por, durante, desde hace
From : de, desde
In : en, dentro de
Into : en, adentro
Like : como, igual a
Near : cerca de
Of : de
Off : de (alejndose), fuera de

On : en, sobre
Over : por encima de, al otro lado
Through : a travs de
Throughout : por todo
till = until : hasta
To : a, hasta, hacia
Under : por debajo de
Up : hacia arriba
Upon : (poniendo) sobre, encima
With : con
Without : sin

TEMA 3.

El adjetivo calificativo.
Los nmeros.

El adjetivo calificativo.
En ingls son invariables.
tall = alto, alta, altos, altas
Posicin:
- Delante del sustantivo
This is a good book.
- A veces, para evitar su repeticin, el
sustantivo se sustituye por el pronombre
indefinido ONE:
I have a green book and a red one.
- Si lleva complementos va detrs del
sustantivo:
A book difficult to read.

Para recordar
A veces los adjetivos podran ser
traducidos como sustantivos:
The poor = Los pobres
The good = Los buenos
Hay adjetivos que por el uso se han
convertido en sustantivos:
Black = negro
Noble = noble

Los nmeros cardinales.

1 one
11 eleven
2 two
12 twelve
3 three
4 four
- Slo hay que aprenderse
5 five
estos 12.
6 six
- Y saber que:
7 seven
del 13 al 19 teen.
8 eight
las decenas ty.
9 nine
cien = hundred
10 ten
mil = thousand
milln = million

13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen

20 twenty
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety

21 Twenty one
22 Twenty two

100 one hundred

101 one hundred and one
123 one hundred and twenty-three

200 two hundred

224 two hundred and twenty-four

1.000 one thousand

1.001 one thousand and one
4.243 four thousand two hundred and fortythree

10.000
ten thousand
100.000 one hundred thousand
1.000.000 one million
Algunos ejemplos:
314 Three hundred and fourteen
845 Eight hundred and forty five
7.293 Seven thousand two hundred and
ninety three
950.610 Nine hundred and fifty thousand
six hundred and ten
10.000.071 Ten million and seventy one

Como leer aos en ingls.

1740 (en dos trozos) = seventeen forty
1973 (en dos trozos) = nineteen
seventy-three

2001 = two thousand and one

2002 = two thousand and two
2010 = two thousand and ten
o
twenty ten

TEMA 4.

Posesivos.
Nmeros ordinales.

Adjetivos posesivos.
Van delante de un sustantivo.
My
mi, mis
Your
tu, tus
His
su, sus (de l)
Her
su, sus (de ella)
Its
su, sus (de l/ella para
animales y cosas)
Our
nuestro/a, nuestros/as
Your
vuestro/a, vuestros/as
Their
su, sus (de ellos)

Pronombres posesivos.
Sustituyen a un sustantivo.
Mine
mo/ma, mos/as
Your s
tuyo/a, tuyos/as
His
suyo/a, suyos/as (de l)
Hers
suyo/a, suyos/as (de ella)
Its
suyo/a, suyos/as (de l/ella
para animales y cosas)
Ours
nuestro/a, nuestros/as
Yours
vuestro/a, vuestros/as
Theirs
suyo/a, suyos/as (de ellos)

Prctica. Traduce al espaol.

- Here's your book. Where's mine?
- Is that car yours?
- A friend of his.
- Their house is similar to ours.
- Hes got my telephone number, but I
havent got his.
- Our car is much faster than yours.
- We went to a disco with Stephanie,
Terry and some friends of theirs.
- I hate her! Shes no friend of mine.
- Is this your bag or hers?

Nmeros ordinales.
1st first
2nd second
3rd third
4th fourth
5th fifth
6th sixth
7th seventh
8th eighth
9th ninth
10th tenth

11th eleventh
12th twelfth
13th thirteenth
14th fourteenth
15th fifteenth
16th sixteenth
17th seventeenth
18th eighteenth
19th nineteenth
20th twentieth

20th twentieth
21st twenty-first
30th thirtieth
32nd thirty-second
40th fortieth
45th forty-fifth
50th fiftieth
60th sixtieth
SLO SE
70th seventieth
PONE
80th eightieth
EN ORDINAL
90th ninetieth
LA LTIMA
100th hundredth
CIFRA
101st hundred and first

Algunos ejemplos:
900 : nine hundredth
467 : four hundredth and sixty-seventh
1000 : one thousandth
15327 : fifteen thousandth three
hundredth and twenty-seventh

Los nmeros ordinales se utilizan

para
Para sealar lugar en una clasificacin.
- You are the second.
- The United States is the 3rd largest
country in area in the world.
Para mostrar la posicin que un
elemento tiene dentro de una secuencia.
- Today is the first day of the week.
Para hablar de los reyes:
Elisabeth I
Elisabeth the first

Para las fechas en ingls:

Para nombrar los siglos.
- 18th century: siglo 18
- the nineteenth century: el siglo XIX
Para una fecha que empiece con el
ordinal.
- Fourth of July.
Cuando no se menciona el mes.
- The fourth is the celebration (los que
conversan ya saben el mes)
En las fechas de cumpleaos.
- My birthday is on May 10th.

En las fracciones.
- : one fourth
- 300/1000: three hundred
thousandths

Para los pisos de un edificio, para

los grados en enseanza
- My office is on the sixth floor.
- First grade, second grade

Verbo MAY.
El verbo 'may' se utiliza para expresar
cierto grado de probabilidad de una
accin o grado de certeza.
may - podra / quizs / puede

It may rain today.

You may ask three questions.
The road may be blocked.
That may be a good idea.

Verbo acabado en ing como

sujeto.

Cuando el verbo es el sujeto de una

expresin lo encontramos acabado en
ing.

Running keeps me fit.

Swimming is my favourite sport.
Reading books is a good idea.

TEMA 5.

El genitivo sajn.
Preposiciones.

Expresar posesin.

Hay tres formas:

-

Usando posesivos
Con la preposicin of.
Usando el genitivo sajn.

1. USANDO POSESIVOS.
(vistos en la unidad anterior)
It is her hat.
I like my job.
We are studying Japan and its culture.
He lives with his girlfriend in New York.
We live with our parents.
Most Americans love their cars.
That is my problem, not yours.
Jake wears a nice hat. Is it his?
Our house is next to theirs.

2. CON LA PREPOSICIN OF.

Cuando el poseedor es inanimado (cosa).
The window of the house.
The door of my car.
The tittle of the book.
The name of this Avenue is Ridavia.
And this is the shower of my flat.
The history of Spain.
The arrival of a plane.
Cuando hablamos de lugares se puede omitir:
London Brige. Amsterdam Airport.

3. USANDO EL GENITIVO SAJN.

Cuando el poseedor es animado (animal o
persona), un pas o una organizacin.
Se construye:
POSEEDORS COSA POSEDA
My brothers car
Se traduce al revs:
El coche de mi hermano

Johns dog.
The cats ears.
Pauls heart.
My brothers clock.
Marys black eyes.
A birds feather.
Spains mineral reserves.
Your fathers dog is called Speedy.

Reglas.
Cuando hay varios poseedores la
marca del genitivo la lleva el ltimo.
Its John and Marys car.
Si el poseedor acaba en s slo se
pone el apstrofe.
My parents house.
El genitivo se puede acumular y
construcciones como Bens parents
house no tienen nada de extrao.

Prepositions.
Across : a travs de
At : en, en casa de
Besides : adems de
Next to : junto a
During : durante

Preposiciones compuestas.
according to = segn, de acuerdo a
ahead of = frente a; por delante de
as of = desde
as regards = en cuanto a, referente a
because of = a causa de
close to = cerca de
due to = debido a, a causa de, gracias a
except for = excepto por, salvo
far from = lejos de (ser)

instead of = en vez de
near to = cerca de
next to = al lado de
outside of = fuera de
owing to = debido a
regardless of = a pesar de, pese a,
subsequent to = con posterioridad a,
despus de
thanks to = gracias a
that of = el de

as far as = hasta, hasta el punto que

as well as = adems de, as como
by means of = por medio de, a punta de, con,
mediante
in addition to = adems de, a ms de
in case of = en caso de
in front of = delante de, al frente de, enfrente de
in place of = en lugar de
in spite of = a pesar de, pese a
on account of = a causa de, por motivo de
on top of = encima de, arriba de, en lo alto de,
por encima de, sobre, en exceso de
with regard to = con respecto a
with respect to = con respecto a

TEMA 6.

Tiempos verbales.
Expresin de la fecha.

El listo verbo To Be en
presente.
AFIRMATIVA

NEGATIVA

I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are

I am not
You arent
He isnt
She isnt
It isnt
We arent
You arent
They arent

INTERROGATIVA
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

- Im in my house.
- You eat what you like.
- You are worried for the test of English.
- He is ready for the test of math.
- They are in the bus.
- Im in the school.
- You are sad because you feel alone.
- He is happy because his mother comes back
tomorrow.
- Im not sure today go to school.
- Im not agree with your opinion.
- You are not at home at this time.
- You arent in a place you like.
- He isnt crazy.
- Are you upset with me?
- Is she there with you?

Los dems en presente.

AFIRMATIVA.
Sujeto + Forma Base
I live
You live
He lives
She lives
It lives
We live
You live
They live

Reglas para aadir la s de la 3

persona del singular.
si acaba en s, -ss, -o, -sh, -ch, -x
aadimos es
I watch - he watches
I fish - she fishes
si acaba en consonante + y
y cambia a i y aadimos es
I
cry - he cries
Usos del presente simple.
Para hablar de acciones habituales y
generalidades.

NEGATIVA.
Sujeto + do not = dont
+ Forma Base
does not = doesnt
I dont live
You dont live
He doesnt live
She doesnt live
traduce dont y
It doesnt live
doesnt por NO
We dont live
sabiendo que es
You dont live
presente
They dont live

INTERROGATIVA.
Auxiliar + Sujeto + Verbo + ?
Do / Does

Do I live?
Do you live?
Does he live?
Does she live?
Does it live?
Do we live?
Do you live?
Do they live?

el auxiliar no se
traduce, pero te
da pista de que es
presente

Frecuency adverbs. Acompaan al presente

simple.

never = nunca
hardly ever = casi nunca
almost ever = casi nunca
rarely = casi nunca, rara vez
occasionally = ocasionalmente
sometimes = a veces
usually = normalmente, usualmente
often = a menudo, frecuentemente
frecuently = frecuentemente
always = siempre

Se colocan siempre delante de los verbos,

pero detrs del To Be (ser o estar).

I work with my father in the newspaper.

I read the bible every day.
I watch the tv in the night.
I see my girlfriend every Friday.
You like the music of Green Day.
You sing very well.
You play soccer with my brother.
You look like my cousin
You run in the park twice a week.
You write a novel.
He cries a lot.
He swims for the Olimpycs.
He works for Microsoft.
She cooks for her son.

- She lives in the jungle.

- He sings in the morning.
- We travel only in Christmas.
- We drink water every day.
- We hate Mondays
- We dance in the disco Stragos.
- We see every day London Olympics.
- You fish on Lake Titicaca.
- You apply the correct methods.
- They draw good cartoons.
- They jump in tournaments.
- They celebrate together a big party.
- They sing in a rock band.
- They don't know about us.

PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.

AFIRMATIVA
I was = yo era, fui, estaba, estuve
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were

PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.

NEGATIVA.
I wasnt = yo no era, no fui, no estaba, no
estuve
You werent
He wasnt
She wasnt
It wasnt
We werent
You werent
They werent

PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO BE.

INTERROGATIVA.
Was I? = era, fui, estaba, estuve yo?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?

Partculas que acompaan al

pasado
simple.

Yesterday:
ayer

Yesterday morning, yesterday afternoon

The day before yesterday: anteayer
Last night, last week, last year, last century :
anoche, la semana pasada, el ao pasado, el
siglo pasado
In 1980, in 1987
Ago (hace). Two weeks ago, seven years
ago

- I read the newspaper yesterday.

- I watched my favourite soap opera last night.
- In 1969 two computers talked to each other
across a telephone line.
- A man invented the television many years ago.

I was at the optician an hour ago.

Yesterday, she was at the office.
It was cloudy four hours ago. Now it is
sunny.
It was three four hours ago. Now it is seven
o`clock.
You were at the cinema last night. Now you
are at a party...You really enjoy life!
It was a worm yesterday....Today it is a
beautiful butterfly!
You were at home yesterday morning.
We were in America.
Pauls aunt Tina was at home last night.

PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) VERBO TO

HAVE.
I had = yo tena, tuve
You had
He had
She had
It had
We had
You had
They had

I hadnt
Had I?

PASADO SIMPLE (AYER) DE TODOS

LOS DEMS VERBOS.
HAY QUE DISTINGUIR ENTRE VERBOS
REGULARES E IRREGULARES.

Pasado simple verbos

regulares.
Forma afirmativa:
Sujeto + forma base verbo acabada en ed.
I watched TV yesterday.
Forma negativa:
Sujeto + didnt + forma base verbo (ya no se
acaba en ed)
I didnt watch TV yesterday.

Forma interrogativa:
Did + Sujeto + forma base verbo (ya
no acaba en ed) ...?
Did you watch TV yesterday?

PASADO SIMPLE.
YOU WORKED IN A HOSPITAL.
YOU DIDNT WORK IN A HOSPITAL.
DID YOU WORK IN A HOSPITAL?

Reglas ed.
Si el verbo:
acaba en e muda, slo se aade d.
Love
loved.
acaba en consonante + y, cambiamos la y por i,
aadimos ed.
Study
studied.
es monoslabo y acaba en vocal +consonante,
dobla la consonante.
Stop
stopped.
no es monoslabo y acaba en vocal acentuada +
consonante, dobla la consonante.
Prefer
preferred.
acaba en l, dobla la consonante:
Travel
travelled.

- I wanted to dance.
- He learned English.
- They believed him.
- Tom stayed at home last night.
- Kate worked last Saturday.
- I didn't got to the party yesterday.
- Did they walk to school this morning?
- I received the good news and immediately
called my husband.
- He studied for an hour in the morning,
worked all afternoon and didn't return home
until 10 at night.
- He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.
- I worked for many years in a museum.

You took a part of me when you went away.

I bought milk and bread at the grocery.
Mary washed her car carefully.
My car broke dawn.
You were there.
I went to University yesterday.
We ate pizza last week.
They went to School last year.
I bought a dress yesterday.
They played a football match last week.
They drank orange juice yesterday.
I expected to see her yesterday.
We went to where some friends .

Pasado simple verbos

irregulares.

Tienes que usar la segunda

columna para la afirmativa.

Infinitive
Present

Simple
Past

Past
Participe

Cut
Have
Write

cut
had
wrote

cut
had
written

cortar
tener
escribir

Yesterday, I cut some pieces of

He had a dog last year, but it died.
They wrote an article for the newspaper last
week.

Forma negativa:
Sujeto + didnt + forma base verbo (ya
no se usa la segunda columna sino la
primera)
I didnt write a letter.
He didnt leave home yesterday morning.
Forma interrogativa:
Did + Sujeto + forma base verbo (ya no
se usa la segunda columna sino la
primera) ...?
Did you write him a note?

Did you sleep ten hours last night?

The bears didnt sleep all the night.
Did you study listening soft music?
Did he go out for a drink before dinner?
You didnt wake up during the night.
They didnt cook fish for lunch.
Did you need money for the ticket?
She didnt want to go home.
Did you see a big fire in the woods?
Did he catch a cold yesterday?
Did the children play hide and seek?
Did you download the program?

Where did you go last night?

I went to the supermarket.
What did you buy in the store?
I bought fruits and vegetables.
Who did you go with?
I went with my brother.
When did you see Mary?
I saw her last week in a bakery.
What did she say?
She said she was happy to see me.

EXPRESIN DE LA FECHA.
Whats the date?
What is the date today?
What day of the month is?

1. THE + ordinal + OF + mes + ao.

The first of july 2.013.
2. MES + da del mes en ordinal.
May, the second.
December the 26th.

DAYS OF THE WEEK

Monday - Lunes
Tuesday - Martes
Wednesday - Mircoles
Thursday - Jueves
Friday - Viernes
Saturday - Sbado
Sunday - Domingo
En ingls siempre se escriben con
mayscula.

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January - Enero
February - Febrero
March - Marzo
April - Abril
May - Mayo
June - Junio
July - Julio
August - Agosto
September - Septiembre
October - October
November - Noviembre
December - Diciembre

En ingls se escriben siempre con mayscula.

AT
AT + HORAS DEL DA:
At 6:30
At 7 o'clock
At dawn - Al amanecer
At lunchtime - Al medioda
At midnight - A la medianoche
AT + DA FESTIVO
At Christmas - En Navidad
At Easter - En Pascua
At New Year - En Ao Nuevo
At Lent - En Cuaresma
At Holy Week - En Semana Santa
AT + CIERTAS EXPRESIONES:
At the moment - En este momento
At the weekend - El fin de semana
At that time - En ese tiempo
At night - A la noche
At noon - Al medioda

ON
ON + DA:
On Monday - El lunes
On Tuesdays - Los martes
ON + DA + PARTES DEL DA:
On Friday morning - El viernes por la maana
On Saturday afternoon - El sbado por la
tarde
On Sunday evenings - Los domingos por la
noche
ON + FECHAS:
On Christmas Day - El da de Navidad
On July 4th - El 4 de Julio

IN
IN + MESES:
In January - En enero
In February - En febrero
IN + PARTES DEL DA:
In the morning - Por la maana
In the afternoon - Por la tarde
In the evening - Por la noche
IN + AOS:
In 1845 - En 1845
In the 1960s - En los sesenta
IN + AOS:
In 1845 - En 1845
In the 1960s - En los sesenta
IN + ESTACIONES DEL AO:
In summer - En verano
In spring - En primavera
In fall / autumn - En otoo
In winter - En invierno
In the early summer - Al comienzo del verano

TEMA 7.

Demostrativos.
La hora.
Conjunciones.

La hora.
Whats time is it?
Whats the time?
EN PUNTO.
- Its hour oclock.
Y MEDIA.
- Its half past hour.

Y CUARTO.
- Its quarter past hour.
MENOS CUARTO.
- Its quarter to hour.
Y...
- Its minutes past hour.
MENOS...
- Its minutes to hour.

(no est en el libro)

Al medioda = at midday
at noon
about noon
around noon

A medianoche = at midnight

EN LOS RELOJES DIGITALES.

8 : 32 : eight thirty-two
6 : 19 : six nineteen

I got up yesterday at ten o'clock.

Everyday I have lunch at half past two.
Yesterday I had a bath at quarter past
twelve.
Now is quarter to eleven.
She played with her cousin at midday.
I visited muy grandparents at five past
eleven last Sunday.
Whats the time? Its two.
She invited him to her party. The party
starts at quarter to three.

Conjunciones. Pgina 107

- Joe and Mary spent their holydays in Bahamas.
- I was tired but happy.
- Our PC is a bit old, Altohugh it works very well.
- Joe doesnt sure to buy either a Porsche or a
Mercedes.
- Esteban doesnt approve the course, unless he
studies hard.
- We arrive after the movie begins.
- Lions and zebras are sabanas animals.
- I go, if you want.
- I came late because traffic was terrific.
- Carmen is older than you.
- Perhaps you forgive me, but I dont.
- We dont see Tom since he moved to California.

- Nor a bus either a taxi comes here.

- Both Ana and Carmen are good students.
- George doesnt make his homework nor
Bob.
- Youre strong but Im stronger.
- Give her from me a hug, perhaps a kiss.
- My aunt is like candy: so hard but so sweet.
- I want to ride my bike until seven oclock.
- Unless I know what is her name.
- Red or blue?
- Nor red, nor blue. It must be yellow.
- Joan is not only beauty, but intelligent.

Its your turn. Translate into Spanish the

following sentences.
1. You arent a writer.
2. Some people like mice.
3. There are thirteen golden windows in my
sisters house.
4. Whose are those trousers? They`re mine.
5. Weve got a book difficult to read.
6. They didnt buy a black and golden watch.
7. Peter comes at about half past six.
8. She goes to the gym twice a week.
9. Were you at home on January the fifth?
10. She doesnt go out because of the rain.

TEMA 8.

Los verbos.
Verbos modales I.

El presente simple ya est explicado.

Se puede repasar en las pginas 119
y 120 del libro.

Presente Continuo.
SUJETO + TO BE + V-ing
am/is/are
I am eating = yo estoy comiendo
He is walking = l est caminando
They are speaking = ellos/as estn

hablando

Indica una accin que est ocurriendo en el

momento de hablar y tambin lo usan para un plan
inmediato de futuro (ojo: es indicador tambin de
futuro I am not going to school)

Para la negativa, negamos el verbo to be.

Im not lying = yo no estoy mintiendo

They arent choosing = ellos no estn
eligiendo

(las reglas para construir la terminacin ing

partiendo del infinitivo del verbo estn en la
pgina 120)

Para construir la pregunta seguimos

el orden:
Am/is/are + Sujeto + Verbo-ing?

Am I opening the door?

Is he writing a postcard?

Usos del presente contnuo.

(ms completo que en el libro)

1. Para hablar de cosas que estn

sucediendo en el momento de
hablar.
- I am speaking.
- You are listening my explanation.
PARTCULAS QUE ACOMPAAN.
- At the moment
- Now

2. Para referirnos a acciones futuras (se llama

presente continuo con valor de futuro). Pero slo
cuando hablamos de actividades ya planeadas y
que se realizarn casi con total seguridad.
Y LO TRADUCIMOS COMO NUESTRO FUTURO

Im going to the cinema tonight. Are you

coming?
Theyre leaving at 5 oclock.
The conference is taking place next Tuesday.
Im travelling to Tokyo tomorrow.

PARTCULAS QUE ACOMPAAN.

-Tonight / tomorrow / in this week / next Monday

- The children are visiting the Zoo.

- Mike is calling you.
- Robert and Alice are travelling to Europe.
- The dog is sleeping in the street.
- What are you doing ?
- My grandfather is watching T.V.
- My friends are drinking at the bar.
- Lisa is painting her house.
- I am playing the guitar.

- The pupils are shouting in the park.

Youre not walking slowly
- Youre not reading my emails.
-

- Youre carrying a microphone.

- Are we spending a lot?
- Is your mother-in-law playing the guitar?
- Theyre not watching the match.
- Were not flying.
- Its not snowing in Seville
- What are you doing, mate?
- Are they chatting or talking?
- Am I explaining the story well?
- Youre not waiting for him.
- Were not arguing, were talking.
- Your son is winning
- Is your girlfriend scoring a lot of goals?

http://www.shertonenglish.com/resour
ces/es/vocabulary.php

Aqu teneis un montn de sustantivos

ordenados por temas. Si pinchais
dentro de cada tema os salen un
montn de sustantivos sobre l.

Verbos modales. Can.

Slo se conjuga en presente y en pasado.

Presente
I can
You can
He can
She can
It can
We can
You can
They can

Pasado
I could
You could
He could
She could
It could
We could
You could
They could

Como pasado de can, could se traduce al

espaol por pretrito indefinido o pretrito
imperfecto.
- She couldnt phone you.
- He could play the piano.
Pero could, frecuentemente, expresa
aspectos que nada tienen que ver con el
tiempo pasado, as que debe traducirse
entonces al espaol por condicional o por
pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo, segn
los casos.
- Could you pass me the salt, please?
- I wil marry her tomorrow, if I could.

Se niega slo y se pregunta slo (sin

ayuda de auxiliar).

- I can swim.
- I cant swim / I cannot swim
- Can I swim?

Lo usamos principalmente
para
EXPRESAR HABILIDAD.
I can play the guitar = s / puedo / soy
capaz de tocar la guitarra.

Para expresar una habilidad en futuro:

I will be able to play the guitar = podr /
ser capaz de tocar la guitarra.

PETICIONES.
(lo traducimos literalmente como poder)

Can you buy me a drink?

Can I ask you something?
Can you do me a favour?

I cant open this bottle.

I can speak French.
They can be very funny.
He could play the piano.
I could speak German when I lived in Germany.
She cant be eighteen already.
Can vodka be frozen?
I dont think the car can be repaired.
Valencia can get very hot in August.
Can I take one? Yes, you can take one.
No, you cant have a biscuit before lunch.
I can feel you close to me, but I cant see you.
Ill never be able to buy a new car if I dont save
money.
Can you dance Tango?
This car can reach 220 kmh.

TEMA 9.

Los verbos.
Formacin del pasado.
Verbos modalles II.

PASADO SIMPLE.

Ya est visto. Repasar.

PASADO CONTNUO.
Sujeto + pasado To Be + Verbo ing
was / were
-

I was walking.
We were having lunch.
She was writing a novel when the
telephone rang.

Se niega negando el verbo To Be.

Sujeto + pasado To Be negado + V ing
wasnt / werent
-

I wasnt working at Vodafone.

She wasnt looking out of the window.
We wasnt thinking about you.
Obama wasnt talking when the bomb
exploted.

Se pregunta dndole la vuelta a la

afirmativa.
Pasado To Be + Sujeto + V ing ?
was / were
-

Were you having a coffee?

Was she playing chess?
Werent they making a cake?

Usos del pasado simple.

1. Para una accin larga que ya en el pasado
fue interrumpida. La accin que se interrumpe
est en pasado continuo y la accin que
provoca la interrupcin est en pasado simple.
En general, usamos el pasado simple
directamente despus de when = cuando y el
pasado continuo despus de while = mientras.
- Jose called while I was watching the news.
- He was walking to work when he fell.
- Was it raining when you left?

2. Para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo

especfico en el pasado.
- Paula wasn't living in Spain in 2005.
-We were still working at 10 o'clock last night.
3. Para hablar de dos acciones que estaban
ocurriendo al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
- My son was reading while I was cooking.
- They were talking very loudly while we were
trying to watch the movie.

Eduardo was playing soccer when his

cousin arrived at his house.
- He was playing in the park.
- He was eating a hot dog.
- I was reading.
- I was teaching.
- I was studying history.
- She was buying a car.
- You were walking.
- You were playing yesterday.
- I was working.
-

This time last week I was ironing the

clothes.
I was reading a book when the
telephone rang.
He saw Mara while he was driving to
work.

VERBO
MODAL:
MUST.
Se traduce por
deber.

Expresa obligacin ineludible o deduccin

de que algo ha tenido lugar.
Se escribe siempre igual, no existe she musts.
You must go home.
Lucy, you've been traveling all day. You must
be tired.
She is a very good tennis player, and not
many players beat her. But yesterday she
played against Bill and Bill won. So, Bill must
be a very good player.
Your exams are next week. You must be
studying very hard right now

 La

negacin expresa prohibicin total.

Pero lo traducimos tambin como no deber.
- You mustn't eat food in class.
- You mustn't use mobile in class.
- You mustn't listen to music in class.
- You mustnt touch the animals.
- You mustnt cross the road without looking. Its
dangerous.
- We mustnt stay here any longer. We must go to
the station right now or well miss our train.
- You must have a passport to to travel abroad.

Slo se usa en presente, para pasado

se usa el had to = tuviste que.

- You had to work last Sunday.

TEMA 10.

Los verbos.
Expresin del futuro.
Verbos modales.

Futuro simple.
Afirmativa.
Delante del verbo en su forma base colocamos will.
I will eat at three.
Ill eat at three
Negativa.
Se forma con will not wont
You wont buy me a car.
Interrogativa.
Will they come before lunch?

- Hell collect all the packets.

- Hell think about you.
- Well rest a lot on holiday.
- Well go out every night when your brother
comes.
- Ill call the priest.
- I wont be in the office.
- I wont think about Paris anymore.
- He wont sell your car.
- The package wont arrive on time.
- Michael wont sing again.
- Will you consider my plan?
- Will you see the match with them?
- Will we arrive before them?
- Will you get in touch with me?
- Will we receive the bill soon?
- I never asked for it but I wont say no

Futuro inmediato.

Sujeto + am
is
are

+ going to + verbo

Se traduce por ir a + verbo.

Im going to dance.
Se niega negando el to be.
It isnt going to rain.
Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.
Is he going to come with you?

She is going to pay with a credit card.

Im going to learn English.
What are you going to go at the weekend?
Look at this cloud. Its going to rain.
I'm going to visit some friends this
afternoon.
He's going to watch TV tomorrow.
She's going to leave in ten minutes.
We're going to play tennis at six o'clock.
You're going to paint the kitchen on Friday.
They're going to go to the movies next
week.

Verbos modales. May.

MAY = PUEDO y a vecer podr (ME EST PERMITIDO)

- We may stay here for the night.

- Jack may be telling the truth.
- You may ask three questions.
- I may visit Susan on Monday.
-The road may be blocked.
- That may be a good idea.
- Carol may go when she finishes.
- You may not leave the classroom without permission.
- May I go to the bathroom?
- May you take this to Mr. Richards?
- I may no come next week.

TEMA 11.

Los verbos.
Formacin de tiempos
perfectos.

Present Perfect.
Sujeto + HAVE / HAS + regular: -ed
irregular: 3 columna
(participio)
I have played = yo he comido
Weve worked
He has jumped
Shes brought

I have never read a book in English.

I have gone to her house several times.
You have underlined the text.
The baby has cried tonight.
We have seen a lot of movies this week.
The secretary has decided to look for a new
job.
I'm afraid I have forgotten your name.
They have gone to New York.
I have been 30 minutes later for my wedding!!!
I have bought several CDs in Rome last month.

- Se niega, negando el verbo to have.

Sujeto + HAVENT + Verbo acabado en -ed
HASNT
3 columna
(participio)
-

I haven't seen Maria for several years.

I have not bought a new dress.
Roberto hasn't received an answer yet.

- Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.

HAVE + Sujeto + Verbo acabado en -ed
HAS
3 columna
-

Have you seen this program before?

Has the plane landed?
Has Richard washed his car?
Have you ever been in London?
Have you gone up to the top of the
Empire State Building?

Partculas que acompaan

al present perfect.

Just = para una accin que acaba de ocurrir (lo traducimos

como acabar de
Already = ya (en oraciones afirmativas)
Yet = ya (en oraciones negativas e interrogativas), todava,
an
Ever = alguna vez
Never = nunca, ninguna vez
Not yet = an no
This week / month / year
Recently = recientemente
Lately = ltimamente, recientemente
For = durante
Since = desde

I have just seen that museum.

They have just gone to bed.
We have never played the guitar.
Have you ever dance tango?
I have lived in this city for 5 years.
She has eaten twenty hamburguers this week.
I have lived here since 2.007.
He has lived in this city for five years.
They 've just signed an important contract.
Has he called his parents lately?
I saw a magic show last year.
I have lost my digital camera on a trip to Per
in 1999.

Past Perfect. Se hace con el pasado de have.

Sujeto + HAD + regular: -ed
irregular: 3 columna
(participio)
- I had jumped = yo haba saltado
- Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at
the airport.
- When Oliver phoned, the kids had just gone to
bed.
- He had brought the gifts.
- She had lost the keys.
- I'd visited the Louvre before so I knew where the
Mona Lisa was.

- Se niega, negando el verbo to have.

Sujeto + HADNT + Verbo acabado en -ed
3 columna
(participio)

They hadn't studied English before they went

to London.
I hadnt read the book before I saw the movie.
I hadnt woken up when the alarm clock rang
at 7am.
He hadn't been to France before the trip in
2008.

Se pregunta invirtiendo el orden.

HAD + Sujeto + Verbo acabado en -ed
3 columna
-

Had I eaten something?

Had you talked to somebody?
Had he listened to something?
Had she read something?
Had it gone somewhere?
Had we looked at something?
Had they sat somewhere?

Future Perfect. Se hace con el futuro de have

Sujeto + WILL HAVE + regular: -ed
irregular: 3 columna
(participio)
Se traduce como:
habr
habrs + V acabado en ado, -ido.
I will have walked.
You will have eaten a sandwich when I arrive.

He will have completed the task by six

o'clock.
I will have written the book before the new
year.
Will you have bought a house in a year?
He will have paid all the debt by October 2.
We will have returned from Spain by June
12.
By the time Juan arrives, you all will already
have left.
By the time Maria returns, they will have
already eaten.

Se niega:
Sujeto + WONT HAVE + regular: -ed
irregular: 3 colum.
(participio)
- I won't have finished my homework tomorrow.
- Before you arrive, we will not have watered the
garden.
Se pregunta invirtiendo:
- Will she have learned Spanish before leaving?

OTRAS FORMAS VERBALES EN

INGLS.
PAST PERFECT (Pretrito pluscuamperfecto).
Se usa para pasado menos reciente que el present
perfect.

Sujeto + had + participio (-ed, 3 columna)

I had studied = yo haba estudiado
He had drunk = el haba bebido

FUTURE PERFECT.
Sujeto + will have + participio
By this afternoon, I will have arrived at home=
para esta tarde, yo ya habr llegado a casa.

TEMA 12.

La voz pasiva.

La voz pasiva en ingls.

Al igual que en espaol, tiene que ver
con que el sujeto recibe y no realiza la
accin del verbo.
Se forma:
sujeto + verbo to be + participio
El Complemento Agente (prepositional
object), va introducido por by = por.

The cat is loved by the children.

The diamond was stolen by five thieves.

Cuidado, al traducirlo literalmente no

siempre suena bien y es normal que
tengamos que buscar una traduccin
adecuada:
-

English is spoken.
I am called Peter.

Traduccin.

Como regla general traducimos la

forma correspondiente del verbo to be
y el verbo al ser participio se traduce
acabado en ado, -ido.

I am loved. presente
You are being loved. presente contnuo
You will be loved. futuro simple
You are going to be loved. Tu vas a ser
amado

I am loved. presente
You are being loved. presente contnuo
You will be loved. futuro simple
You are going to be loved. futuro con going to
You have been loved. present perfect
You were loved. pasado simple
You were being loved. pasado contnuo
You had been loved. pluscuamperfecto
You will have been loved. futuro perfecto
You should be loved. condicional con should =
deberas
You should have been loved. condicional
perfecto should have + participio = habras

Pasiva con modales.

Con must = deber
You must be loved.
They must be rewared by the judges.
Con can = poder
You can be loved.
We can be elected by the classmates.
Con have to = tener que
You have to be loved.
He have to be punished by his parents.

Como se hace la
construccin impersonal en
ingls.

Usando la pasiva.

It is said = (es dicho) Se dice

It is seen = (es visto) Se ve

- The speech is written for the president.

- All of the cookies were eaten by the child.
- The house was built in 1975.
- My wallet has been stolen.
- The room will be cleaned while we are out.
- The book was written by Mark Twain.
- The car was stolen by my daughters boyfriend.
- Your questions are being answered.
- Itll be painted by next week.
- We were invited to the party, but we didnt go.
- The President of America has been shot.
- When he got home he found that all of his money
had been stolen.
- Our baby will have been born before Christmas.

- The Statue of Liberty was designed by

Bartholdi.
- The statue was given to the U.S by the
French in 1886.
- The policeman has been bitten by your dog
- This beautiful poem was written by my sister
- The letter was mailed by Elizabeth.
- Mina was bitten by Dracula.
- You will be called when your turn comes.
- My brother may be given the car for the first
time tonight.
- Are the rooms cleaned every day?

- The polio vaccine was first developed in ther

1950s.
- To record the red button and the black
button must be pressed at the same time.
- The sandwiches should be made just before
you leave.
- My fax machine was being repaired when I
arrived.
- Cars are sold by Toyota in many countries.
- Fruit is added to sugar in order to make jam.
- We were shown around the city by the tour
guide.
- The workers were paid three monthssalary
when her business was closed down.
- He has been offered a help for his hard
work.
- Was the car taken to the garage yesterday?

TEMA 13.

Los verbos.
Formacin del imperativo.

Formacin de la segunda persona

del imperativo (t, vosotros/as).
En afirmativa se hace con la forma base
del verbo (sin sujeto)
Come here!
Eat it!
En negativa encontramos delante Dont =
no.
Dont come here!
Dont eat it!

- Do your homework!
- Wash your hands!
- Tell me the truth!
- Do not lie to me!
- Dont wash in the washing machine.
- Don't hit your sister!
- Go!
- Go to your room!
- Do not fight.
- Dont shout me!
- You, guys, shut up!
- Wake up!
- Give it back to me!
- Dont do it!

Formacin de la primera persona y

tercera persona del imperativo.
Let + pron. personal objeto + forma base
La traduccin literal es permitir, dejar, pero es
muy elstica.
Let them eat it! Permtele que se coma esto Que coman esto!
Permit: Permitir - Muy formal
Allow: Permitir - Formal
Let: Permitir, dejar - Informal

Let me see.
Let him go!
Let me alone.
Let your smile change the world, but do not
let the world change your smile
Perhaps you will let me help you.
My dad not let me drive the motorbike when
I was younger.
If you need my help, please let me know.
Let me see your palm.
Smoking is not permitted in this restaurant.
We do not permit people to swim in this
river.
We do not permit dogs to stay here.
Please, allow me to say something.

Pronombres objeto.
Funcionan como objeto directo o indirecto.
Me - me
You - te
Him - le
Her la, le
It - le
Us - nos
You - os
Them les, las, los

Se colocan detrs de los verbos y de

preposiciones.

Do you like this book? Yes, I like it.

Do you know this woman? Yes, I know her.
Did you see that car? No, I didn't see it.
Did you call your brother? Yes, I called him
this morning.
Do you hate me? No, I don't hate you.
I buy it in Las Palmas.
I cant speak to him.
I buy it for her.
He introduces us to the president.
He gave you everything he had.
They send her the documents.
We bought them for the guys.
He likes her.

The Asian elephant that speaks Korean

An Asian elephant named Koshik has learnt to
imitate human speech, saying words in Korean that can be
understood by speakers of the language. It is not clear why
Koshik started imitating human speech, but biologists Angela
Stoeger and Tecumseh Fitch suggest in research published
in the journal Current Biology that it might be related to his
experiences as a young elephant. For the first five years of
his life Koshik was the only elephant at the Everland Zoo in
South Korea, and consequently was only in the company of
people during that important phase of his learning and
development. It is thought that he started to adapt his
vocalisations to those of humans in order to reinforce his
links with them.
Researchers state that similar cases have been seen
in some other species and in very special cases. There have
been reports of elephants imitating the sound of engines,

and even of a male elephant in a zoo saying words in

twodifferent languages, although this case was never
investigated by scientists.
A few years ago, Koshik appeared in newspaper
headlines and attracted thousands of tourists with his
unusual ability, but the researchers have now made a
number of tests where they asked native Korean speakers to
write down what they heard when listening to recordings of
the elephant. They concluded that the elephant could
pronounce the five Korean words for 'hello', 'sit
down', 'no', 'lie down' and 'good'. Unfortunately, the scientists
have found no evidence that Koshik understands the
meaning of the words he is using.

TEMA 14.

Pronombres personales,
reflexivos y recprocos.

Pronombres personales.
SUJETO
I
yo
You t
He
l
She ella
It
(cosa, animal)
We nosotros/as
You vosotros/as
They ellos/as

OBJETO
me
a m, me
you a ti, te, le
him a l, le, se, lo
her a ella, le, la, se
its
le, la, lo
us
a nosotros/as, nos
you a vosotros/as, os
them a ellos/as, les, las, los

- He invited her to go to the movies.

- She knows they very well.
- We met him last night.
- He didn't enjoy it , but she did.
- Don't blame her; she didn't break them.
- They invited us to their wedding.
- Will she be sitting next to him?
- Give my regards to them!
- He always drives them to school.
- The car belongs to him.

When some people meet me. They think I'm

my twin brother, David. They don't know the
difference. Our school friends know; they
say I'm more intelligent than him!
In reality, it's easy for us because we study
in different classes. When our mother looks
at us she always sees the difference. We
can't play jokes on her !
When people visit our house they also know
the difference. David always uses the
computer and he plays on it all the time!
What do you think? If you look at a picture
of us, you will see: the difference will be
clear to you !!!

Pronombres reflexivos.
Myself
me / yo mismo
Yourself
te / t mismo
Himself
se / s mismo
Herself
se / s misma
Itself
se / s mismo
Ourselves nos / nosotros/as mismos/as
Yourselves os / vosotros/as mismos/as
Themselves
se / s mismos/as
- Es el posesivo aadindole esa terminacin.
- Si lo ves con by delante: se traduce por su cuenta
o solo/a.

- He bought himself a beautiful car last month.

- Tom and me made ourselves a coffee when we were at the
university.
- She cut herself while preparing the dinner.
- I painted the house myself.
- Johnny, you have to believe in yourself.
- He himself prepared everything.
- He will kill himself with that motorbike if he if not careful
enoungh.
- Bring me a mirror. I want to look at myself.
- She burned herself while cooking the pizza.
- I live here by myself.
-She

went on vacation by herself.

- He always likes to spend some time by himself.

Pronombres recprocos.
En espaol nos, os, se.
En ingls se hacen con:

One another
Each other

se traduciran por se,

el uno al otro, los unos
a los otros

- Kim and John send each other love notes.

-They are always arguing with one another.
- We see each other once a week.
- How long have they known each other/one
another?
- Jesus commands the disciples to love each
other.
- How close do people usually stand to one
another when talking?
- We help one another with the work.
- We've stayed been friends from the first time
we saw each other.
- We have a lot of information to share with
each other.

EL USO DE GET
He lost himself in the streets of London.
NO. He got lost in the streets of London.

Hay una serie de verbos reflexivos espaoles que no lo son en

ingls. Muchas veces estos verbos se traducen con la estructura get
+ participio. En ingls se utiliza esta construccin con frecuencia
para referirse a algn tipo de cambio en el estado de algo o alguien:

They got married.

I am getting fat.
She decided to get divorced.
He got lost in the streets of London.

Verbos reflexivos pronominales.

Son verbos que llevan el pronombre incluido
Get up: levantarse
Feel: sentirse
Wake up: despertarse
Brush teeth: lavarse los dientes
Have a shower: ducharse
Comb: peinarse
Shave: afeitarse
Make up: maquillarse
Go to bed: irse a la cama

- Why do I get up tired every day?

- Why do I feel tired and sleepy when I wake up,
even though I have slept for 10 hours or more?
- I wake up at eight, I clean my teeth and have a
shower
- If I comb my hair a lot, will it grow faster?
- Why do male cyclists shave their legs?
- If I put make up on now, will I be ugly when I
am old?
- I recommend that you don't put makeup on
because makeup will ruin your face.
- I go to bed with my mobile phone, I get up with
my mobile phone.

TEMA 15.

Adjetivos y pronombres
indefinidos e
interrogativos.

Adjetivos y pronombres
indefinidos.

SOME: una parte de un todo: algn/a/os/as, unos/as, algo,

poco
ANY: en ? = arriba / en negativas nada, ningn/a/os/as
NO: ningn/a/o
NONE: ningn/a/o
ALL: todo/a/os/as, entero
EVERY: cada, a todo/a
BOTH: ambos, ambas, los dos, las dos
ONE, ONES: uno/a/os/as
OTHER, OTHERS: otro/a/os/as
SUCH: tal, tales, semejante, tan, tanto, como
LITTLE: poco/a, un poco, una poca, algo (con incontables)
FEW: poco/a, un poco, una poca, algo (con contables)
MUCH: mucho, mucha, un montn (con incontables)
MANY: mucho, mucha, un montn (con contables)

I ate some chocolates, but not many.

Do you have any bread?
Some friends think that my jokes are funny.
Not that glove, the other one.
Would you like some more wine? A little more?
We have no rooms available.
None has been as popular as Marilyn was.
If any letters arrive, could you keep them until I
get back?
We ate none.
Have you met any of my friends?
Im looking for a pen. Have you seen any?
There in no clean fork; we have to wash some.
None of these apples are ripe.

He spilled all the soup on the floor.

Hes both tall and handsome.
All of these books need to be sold.
Ive been waiting all afternoon.
John and Heather? Both are coming to the
wedding.
These ones are mine.
Which one do you like?
We played cards all the way to Paris.
He snored through all the play.
They visit their grandparents every two weeks.
Both theories are quite convincing.
I prefer the red ones.
The others will arrive in a few minutes.

Its such a long time since weve seen you.

He looks much older now.
I have only been there a few times.
This TV is big, but the one in our bedroom is little.
We heard much laughter coming from the room.
Few people know that Schumann's wife was also a
gifted composer.
I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends!
That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more
often.
They ate much more than usual yesterday.
How much does this sandwich cost?
The child ate little at dinnertime.
The few who knew him well, loved him.
She was very shy, and spoke little.
Many have tried to climb the mountain and failed.

SOME, ANY, NO:

SOMEBODY. Alguien, alguno, alguna.
SOMEONE.
SOMETHING. Algo.
SOMEWHERE. En algn lugar.
ANYBODY. Nadie.
ANYONE.
ANYTHING. Nada.
ANYWHERE. En ningn lugar.
NOBODY. Nadie.
NO ONE.
NOTHING. Nada.
NOWHERE. En ningn lugar.

A best friend is somebody who helps me when

I need it.
Someone said something about you.
Somebody in here has stolen my ipod.
Someone ate the last piece of cake, but I don't
know who it was.
My pen is somewhere in my desk but I can't
find it.
My teenage son eats everything.
There's nowhere to eat Mexican food in this
town.
Don't tell anybody the secret.
He was a nobody before, but now after
marrying her, he is definitely someone.
We're looking for something to eat.
Have you got somewhere to sleep tonight?
There is something in my mind.
Are you going anywhere on Saturday?

Adjetivos y pronombres
distributivos.
EACH. Cada, cada uno/a.
EITHER (OR). El uno o el otro.
NEITHER (NOR). Ni uno ni otro.
EVERY: cada, todo/a/os/as.
- EVERYBODY. Todo el mundo.
- EVERYONE.
- EVERYTHING. Todo (para cosas).
- EVERYWHERE. En todas partes.

Each cat has its own personality.

Neither boy understood what was happening.
Everyone wants to come to the party.
The buildings are different from each other in
both shape and size.
Everybody I know prefers chocolate to vanilla.
Neither he nor she understood what was
happening.
Either you love me or you don't!
She doesn't want to eat and neither do I.
At the children's party, everyone was given a
present.
My wife is everything to me.
The mosquitoes were everywhere. There was
nowhere to hide from them.
There's a rest area on either side of the road.
If everybody is here then I'll begin.
Location is everything when buying a house.

PARTCULAS INTERROGATIVAS.

WHAT
Qu, el cual
WHICH
Qu, el cual (se da para elegir)
WHO
Quin
WHERE
Dnde
WHOSE
De quin
WHY
Por qu
WHEN
Cundo
WHERE
Cundo
HOW
Cmo
WHAT LIKE?
Cmo es
WHAT ABOUT?
Qu tal, qu te
parece(hacer sugerencias)

- What colour is you pencil case?

- Which picture did Henry paint, the left one or
the right one?
- Which language does Mr Miller teach, French
or Italian?
- What hobbies does your friend have?
- Which subject do you like better, Art or
Music?
- Which car is faster, the red one or the blue
one?
- What time do you usually get up on Sundays?
- Which juice do you prefer, orange juice or
apple juice?
- What page are we on? 1
- What subject do you not like?

What is the weather like today?

Why don't you like apple juice?
What about a walk through the forest?
When do you play volleyball?
Where is my red sweat shirt, Mum?
How do Anne and Betty get to school every
day?
When does your father go to work?
Where is the dog's bone?
When are we going for a holiday by the sea
again?
How do you like coffee?
Why don't you go by bus, Max?
How do the Robinsons live?

An Original Way to Meet People.

That morning I had an appointment with Frank Gehry, an
architect from the city building department. I wanted to build a
housing project and the plans needed his approval. I was driving
quite fast and became lost in a maze of one way streets. I never like
being late, so I was paying more attention to finding my way back
downtown than to the road. Thats when I felt a hard bump. I stopped
and saw a large dog, apparently dead, on the road. I ran to the
nearest house, rang the bell and a young woman opened the door.
Ive killed a dog and I need to call the police, I said. Can I use your
phone? I asked. She looked out and said calmly, Thats my dog.
After the officers had left she offered me a cup of coffee. I
accepted. There were some letters on the kitchen table and I saw that
one of them was addressed to Frank Gehry. I was astonished and
asked what her husbands name was. Frank Gehry, she answered.
Great, I thought. I need this mans approval, and Ive just killed his
dog.
When I arrived at the city hall a few minutes later, Frank was
coming down the stairs with an angry look on his face. When he
reached me, he embraced me and said loudly, Youve done us a
great favour. Our dog was old and blind and had cancer, and neither
my wife nor I had the courage to put him to sleep. Thank you so
much for what youve done.

Eating Less Meat Could Save Lives.

1 More than 45,000 lives a year could be saved if everyone began eating meat
no more than two or three times
2 a week, health experts claim today. Widespread change to low-meat diets
would stop 31,000 early deaths from heart
3 disease, and 9,000 from cancer, according to new analyses of British eating
habits. Dramatically reduced meat
4 consumption would slow down climate change and deforestation in South
America, where rainforests are being
5 chopped down to raise cows, which are later exported to Europe.
6 Eating too much meat, particularly processed meat, is unhealthy because it
can involve consuming more fat
7 than official guidelines recommend. "We don't need to go vegetarian to look
after ourselves and our planet, but we do
8 need to cut down on meat," said Peter Bennett. "While the government has
ignored the environmental aspect of
9 meat and dairy consumption, it can't ignore the lives that would be saved by
switching to less and better meat."
10 Meat producers criticised the report. "The vast majority of consumers eat less
than average
11 recommendations of red meat already," said Chris Lamb. "It is over-simplistic
to say that changing one element of
12 the diet can have such a dramatic result. Red meat has a valuable role to
play as part of a healthy diet." Jen Elford,
13 of the Vegetarian Society, added: "Of course less meat is better than more,
but we can't start solving the
14 environmental and health problems without moving away from animal
protein."