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SERVICEABILITY AND
DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
Quality assurance scheme is
management system
Increase confidence that a
material,product
(or)service will confirm to special
requirement
policies designed responsibilities
and requirements the owner
Controlling to pre determined
requirements
ACI committee
Freezing
Aggressive chemical exposure
Abrasion
Corrosion of steel and other
embedded material
Chemical reactions of aggregate
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE
Strength of concrete
The strength of the concrete is
resistance and rupture
It may be measured in a number of way
such as
strength in compression
strength in tension
strength in shear in flexure
All these indicate strength with reference
particular method of testing
Permeability of concrete
Volume change and cracking of concrete and
durability of concrete structures
Primary responsible for affecting durability
,permeability of concrete
Concrete resists external attack
Aggregate of low permeability into cement paste
at reducing permeability of the system
Large size of aggregate increase the permeability
Air entrainment makes the concrete process upto
6%makes of concrete
Crushed silica decrease the permeability
Thermal properties
To study of thermal properties of concrete
is an dealing with durability of concrete
Concrete material used all climatic
regions all land of structures
Properties of concrete are
thermal conductivity
thermal diffusivity
specific heat
coefficient of thermal expansion
Thermal conductivity
material conduct heat
it is measured joule per second per square meter values of
conductivity of concrete made with different aggregate
limestone 3.2
sandstone -2.9
Thermal diffusitivity
it represent the rate which temperature
Change concrete mass
Diffusitivity =conductivity/cp
Where c =specific heat
p =density of concrete
range of diffusitivity =0.002 to 0.006m^2/h
Specific heat
quality of heat required to raise
the temperature unit mass of a
material by one degree centigrade
ranges of concrete 840 to 1170
Coefficient of thermal expansion
ratio between change in unit length
per degree change in temperature
Cracking
Cracking will occur the tensional
strain which occur exceeds the
tensional strain capacity of concrete
Tensional strain capacity of concrete
varies the age of rate of application
of strain
Effects of cracking
Cracks in concrete`
Before hardening
Drying
plastic shrinkage
settlement shrinkage
bleeding
curing
Constructional cracks
formwork
excess vibration
finishing
Early first damage
After
Un sand
material
hardening
Long term drying
shrinkage
Thermal
Moisture movement
Tensile zone
Structural design
deficiencies
Chemical
Corrosion of
reinforcement
Types of crack
Delayed curing
Formwork movement
Excess vibration
Sub grade settlement
Finishing
Early frost damage
Unsound materials\
Cracking in plastic
concrete
Cracking in hardened
concrete
Structural response to
applied loads and
external displacement
The interstice nature
of the concrete and is
constituent materials
CARBONATION
Carbon dioxide from air penetrates into concrete an reacts
with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonates
One of the reason for corrosion of reinforcement
Carbonated concrete is less permeable
Alkalinity of the concrete reduced when carbonation takes
place therefore protection against corrosion gets reduced
So its important to ensure quality and thickness of concrete
cover
Durability of a structures
A concrete is said to be durable if it withstands the
conditions for which it has been designed, without
deterioration over a period of years
Resistance of a concrete to variety of physical or
chemical attacks due to external causes or by the
internal causes
CORROSION
Characterist
ic of
concrete
Definition
of
Corrosion
Reinforced
concrete
weakness
Corrosion of
steel
reinforcement
Stages of
corrosion
Principles
and
mechanism
of Corrosion
corrosion
rate
monitoring
Carbonatio
n
Preventive
methods
Damages
induced by
corrosion
Effects
due to
corrosio
n
Factors
Influencin
g
Corrosion
Causes of
corrosion in
reinforced
concrete
Chloride
attack
Definition of Corrosion
Corrosion is the deterioration of materials by
chemical interaction with their environment.
The term corrosion is sometimes also applied to
the degradation of plastics, concrete and wood,
but generally refers to metals.
Characteristic of concrete
Characteristic of Concrete
concrete provides chemical protection to the
steel with the formation of highly alkaline
pore solution.
The highly alkaline in the concrete promotes
the formation of an adhering passive film in
the surface of the steel, which protects it from
corrosion.
Corrosion
Stages of corrosion
Rust staining
Bulging of cover (collection of rust products)
Micro cracks
Macro cracks
Spalling of cover concrete
Carbonation
CO2 from air penetrates into concrete
In the absence of moisture
CO2 is non reactive
In the presence of moisture
CO2 diluted carbonic acid
it reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3
shrinkage
It also reduces alkalinity of concrete
detoriates passivating film
corrosion of steel reinforcement
chloride attack
Sulphate attacks the concrete, chloride attacks
the steel
Sources of chloride
cement
water
Aggregate
Sometimes from Admixture
providing from marine atmosphere
Chloride attack
Amount of chloride required to initiate corrosion
depends on the pH of pore water
pH < 11.5 corrosion occur without chloride
pH > 11.5 chloride is needed for corrosion
Concrete contains chloride
In insoluble form (chlorialuminates)does
not cause corrosion
In soluble form causes corrosion
Reactions in electrode
The anode is the site of the oxidation of the steel. The
reaction at the anode is expressed as:
Fe Fe2++ 2e The cathode is the site of the reduction reaction. The
liberated electrons are used at the cathode
Positively charged ferrous ions at anode passes into
the solution
Negatively charged free electrons passes through
steel into cathode
Corrosion in steel
Anode Reaction
Fe Fe2++ 2eH2 O
Cathode Reaction
2e- + H2O + O2 2 OH-
O2
O2
Cl-
ClCatho
de
ClOH-
Cl-
e-
Cl-
Cl
rust
H2 O
Cl-
OH-
rust
Fe2+
Anode
Cle-
ClCathode
Chloride-Free Patch
Vector
As per IS 456-2000
As per IS
Exposure conditions
Mild
20
Moderate
30
Severe
45
Very severe
50
Extreme
75
Cover thickness
Quality of concrete in the cover region
Environmental conditions
pH value of concrete
Chloride level in concrete
Presence of cracks
Spalling
delamination
Preventive methods
To Prevent Corrosion Following methods are
adopted
Metallurgical method
Corrosion inhibitors
Coatings to reinforcement
Coatings to concrete
Cathodic protection
Design & Detailing
Metallurgical method
Steel is made to be more corrosion resistant by
altering its structure through metallurgical process
This can improve mechanical and corrosion resistant
property of steel
Stainless steel can be used
corrosion inhibitor
This is chemical method
Chemical inhibitors
Nitrites (calcium nitrite)
Phosphates
Benzoates
Inhibitors are mixed with concrete during mixing
Corrosion Inhibitors
In the oil production and processing industries,
inhibitors have always been considered to be the first
line of defense against corrosion.
Rules, equations or theories to guide inhibitor
development or use are very limited.
Reducing the movement or diffusion of ions to the
metallic surface
Increasing the electrical resistance of the metallic
surface.
types of inhibitors
Types:
Cathodic Inhibitors - Amine based salts (NH2)
Anodic Inhibitors - Nitrite based salts (NO2)
passivating Inhibitors
Organic Inhibitors
Precipitation Inhibitors
Volatile Inhibitors
Coating to reinforcement
Coating should
withstand pouring
of concrete and
compaction by
vibrating needle
to provide a
durable barrier to
aggressive
materials
Cathodic production
The principle involved in the cathodic protection is to
force the metal to behave like a cathode.
It consist of application of impressed current to an
concrete above steel reinforcement.
This serves as anode and steel serves as cathode
Steel is connected to negative terminal of DC source
When current is applied external anode will get corroded
So the cathode is prodected from corrosion
design errors
Design errors may be divided into two general
types:
those resulting from inadequate structural design.
those resulting from lack of attention to
relatively minor design details.
Symptoms:
Prevention
Construction errors
Failure to follow the specified procedures and good
practice or outright carelessness may lead to a number of
conditions that may be grouped together as construction
errors.
Typically, most of these errors don't lead directly to
failure or deterioration of concrete. Instead, they enhance
the adverse impacts of other mechanisms.
2. Polarization measurements
Nonelectrochemical methods
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Visual inspection
Seismic method
Infrared thermography
Acoustic emission
Radiography and radiometry Radar
Electrical resistivity of concrete
Electrical resistance method
Optical fibber sensors Magnetic technique
Microwave based Thermoreflectometry
Experimental set up
Regulated DC supply
Fibre reinforced tub
RCC Beam
Salt solution
Stainless steel plate
Steel bar
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