ADDITIONAL

SCIENCE FORM 5
CHAPTER 2: CHEMICAL REACTION

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ionic compound is formed by the transfer

of one or more electrons from the outer
shell of a metal atom to the outer shell
of a non-metal atom.

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

Positive ion

Formula

Hydrogen ion

H+

Lithium ion

Li+

Sodium ion

Na+

Potassium ion

K+

Magnesium ion

Mg2+

Calcium ion

Ca2+

Lead (II) ion

Pb2+

Copper (II) ion

Cu2+

Aluminium ion

Al3+

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

Negative ion

Formula

Fluoride ion

F-

Chloride ion

CI-

Bromide

Br-

Hydroxide ion

OH-

Nitrate ion

NO3-

Sulphate ion

SO42-

Carbonate ion

CO32-

Oxide ion

O2-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

The formation of an ionic compound

involves a metal atom and a non-metal atom.
An ionic bond is the electrostatic force
of attraction between 2 oppositely-charged
ions.

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

Formation of sodium chloride

1. The electron configuration of sodium
atom
is 2.8.1.
2. Sodium atom loses one valence electron
to achieve a stable octet valence electron
configuration. Sodium ion, Na+ is formed.
Na
Na+ + e-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

3. The electron configuration of chlorine atom

is 2.8.7.
4. Chlorine atom accepts the electron that is
lost by sodium atom to achieve a stable
octet valence electron configuration.
Chloride ion, CI- is formed.
CI + eCI-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

5. The oppositely-charged ions are attracted

to each other by an ionic bond.
[ Na ] + [ CI ]
[ Na ]+ [ CI ]-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

Formation of magnesium fluoride

1. The electron configuration of magnesium
atom is 2.8.2.
2. Magnesium atom loses 2 valence
electrons to achieve a stable octet
valence electron configuration.
Magnesium ion, Mg2+ is formed.
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

3. The electron configuration of fluorine

atom is 2.7.
4. 2 fluorine atoms accept 2 electrons lost
by
magnesium atom to achieve stable octet
valence electron configuration. 2 fluoride
ions are formed.
F + eF-

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

5. The oppositely-charged ions are attracted

to each other by an ionic bond.
[ Mg ] +2[ F ]
[ Mg ] 2+ [ F ]-2

2.1 IONIC COMPOUNDS

To determine the formula of an ionic

compound, the charges of the cation
and
anion are interchanged.
Al3+ CI-

Al

Cl3

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Redox is a chemical reaction that involves

both oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation

Reduction
In terms of oxygen

Gain of oxygen

Loss of oxygen

In terms of electron
Loss of electron

Gain of electron

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Gain of oxygen - Oxidation

2 Mg + CO2

2MgO + C
Loss of oxygen Reduction

Magnesium is oxidised to magnesium

oxide because it has gained oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon
because it has lost oxygen.

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Magnesium is a reducing agent because it causes CO2 to be reduced to C

2 Mg + CO2

2MgO + C

CO2 is an oxidising agent because it causes magnesium to be oxidised to MgO

Magnesium is a reducing agent.

Carbon dioxide is an oxidising agent.

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Loss of electron - Oxidation

2 Na + CI2

2NaCI

Gain of electron - Reduction

Sodium is said to be oxidised because

sodium atom has lost one electron in its
valence shell to form sodium ion.

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Chlorine is said to be reduced because

chlorine molecule has accepted electron
in its valence shell to form chloride ion.

2.2 REDOX REACTION

A chemical cell produces electricity from

a chemical reaction. It consists of 2
electrodes immersed in an electrolyte.
Electrode - the substance that conduct
electricity
Electrolyte - solution that conducts
electricity

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Chemical cell

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Decreasing electropositivity

K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au

Easiest to lose electron

Hardest to lose electron

2.2 REDOX REACTION

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Chemical cell

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Types of chemical cell
Lead-acid accumulator

Lead (IV)
oxide

Uses
Automobiles

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Types of chemical cell
Alkaline cell

Uses
Camera, walkman

Manganese (IV)
oxide (positive
terminal)
Separator
Electrolyte

Zinc powder (negative

powder)

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Types of chemical cell
Dry cell

Uses
Radio, torch light

Zinc (negative terminal)

Graphite rod (positive

terminal)
Electrolyte

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Types of chemical cell
Mercury cell

Calculator

Electrolyte
Mercury (II) oxide
(positive terminal)

Uses

Zinc (negative terminal)

2.2 REDOX REACTION

Types of chemical cell
Nickel-cadmium cell

Nickel (IV) oxide

(positive terminal)
Separator

Cadmium (negative
terminal)

Separator

Uses
Laptop computers, handphones