HUMAN

MOVEMENT

AGUSTIYAWAN

Human movement is produced by the

skeletal acting as simple lever
machines. The physics of a lever
system can be directly compared to
that of a limb.

In general terms the muscles

and bones of the spine (red)
are force magnifiers. This
force is used to stabilize the
skeleton and provide a
stable platform (red) for the
movement of the limbs. Such
lever produce very little
range of movement but a
great deal of force.
The muscles and bones of the
limbs are generally arranged
into 3rd class levers and in
such a way to become
distance magnifiers. The
reason for this is to provide
range of movement for the
limb rather than strength.

The image illustrates the

concept of 'range of
movement'.
Red = strength
Blue = range of motion
These simple ideas of
machines can be applied to
the skeletal system and
human movement.

TERMINOLOGI KONTRAKSI OTOT

PRIME MOVER : otot yang bertanggungjawab
menyelesaikan gerakan
SYNERGIST : otot yang berkontraksi bersamaan dengan
prime
mover
ANTAGONIST
: otot yang berkontraksi pada sisi yang
berlawanan
STABILIZER : otot berkontraksi statis untuk menahan bagian
tubuh
dari tarikan kontraksi otot, gravitasi, atau efek
momentum
NEUTRALIZER : otot yang mencegah aksi berlebihan dari
otot yang
sedang aktif
COCONTRACTORS : otot antagonis yang berkontraksi
bersamaan dengan
otot agonis

AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST

MUSCLES

Agonist-Antagonist
Muscles

Upper
Trapezius

Middle
Trapezius

Levator
Scapulae

Rhomboid Minor

Serratus Anterior

Rhomboid Major
Lower Trapezius

The Upper Trapezius and the Lower Trapezius

have an

Agonist-Antagonist
Muscles
Glenohumer
al joint
Greater
Tubercle
Lesser
Tubercle
Subscapulari
s

Supraspinatu
s
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor

The Subscapularis and the

Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus/Teres Minor have a
Agonist Antagonist relationship

The muscles of the Abdominals are opposite

the Lower Back
External
Abdomin
al
Oblique

Pectoralis Major
Rectus Abdominal
Transverse
Abdominis

Internal
Abdomin
al
Oblique

Tendinous
Transcriptions

Longissimus
Spinalis
Iliocostalis

The Transverse
Abdominals are
opposite each
other

There are some interesting Agonist Antagonist

relations between the Hip Extensors and the
Hip Flexors

Semimembran
osus
Semitendonosus

Biceps
Femor
us

Vastus
Lateralis
Vastus
Medialis
Vastus
Intermediali
s

Vastus
Latera
lis

AGONIST/ANTAGONIST
STRENGTH RATIOS

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
*CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION
-muscle acts as moving force
-muscle shortens creating tension
-motion is created

*ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
-muscle acts as a resistive force
-external force exceeds contractive
force
-muscle lengthens & motion is slowed

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
-

-muscle tension is created

JOINT

MOVEMENT IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE

The sagittal plane runs anterior-posterior, dividing
the body into left and right sections.
Movements that involve rotation about a
mediolateral axis occur in the sagittal plane.
Examples include:

Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion

MOVEMENT IN THE FRONTAL PLANE

The frontal plane runs laterally, dividing the body into
anterior and posterior sections.
Movements that involve rotation about an anteroposterior
axis occur in the frontal plane. Examples include:

Abduction
Adduction
Elevation
Depression
Inversion
Eversion

MOVEMENT IN THE TRANSVERSE

PLANE
The transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body
into superior and inferior sections.

Movements that involve rotation about a longitudinal axis

occur in the transverse plane. Examples include:
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension

MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Angular Movements
*Flexion
*Extension
*Abduction
*Adduction

Circular Movements
*Circumduction

*Rotation

Movements Special to the

Shoulder
*Protractio
n
*Retractio
n
*Elevation
*Depressio

Movements Special to the

Ankle
*Inversion
*Eversion
*Dorsiflexion
*Planterflexi
on

Anatomical Position

Move

safely

Move

effectively
Move
efficiently

K
A
M
I
R
E
T

H
I
S
A