ENGR 2213 Thermodynamics

F. C. Lai
School of Aerospace and Mechanical
Engineering
University of Oklahoma

Reversible Steady-Flow Work

For a steady-flow device undergoing an internally
reversible process,

(q)rev - (w)rev = dh + d(ke) + d(pe)

Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies,

(q)rev - (w)rev = dh
(q)rev = T ds = dh - v dp
(w)rev = - v dp

w rev

2
1 v

dp

Work
w

2
1 p

w rev

dv

2
1 v

reversible work in closed systems

dp

reversible work associated with

an internally reversible process
an steady-flow device

The larger the specific volume, the larger the

reversible work produced or consumed by the

steady-flow device.

Work
w rev

2
1 v

dp

To minimize the work input during a compression

process
Keep the specific volume of the working fluid
as small as possible.
To maximize the work output during an expansion
process
Keep the specific volume of the working fluid
as large as possible.

Work
Why does a steam power plant usually have a
better efficiency than a gas power plant?
Steam Power Plant
Pump, which handles liquid water that has a
small specific volume, requires less work.
Gas Power Plant
Compressor, which handles air that has a
large specific volume, requires more work.

Work
Minimizing the Compressor Work
1. To approach an internally reversible process as
much as possible by minimizing the
irreversibilities such as friction, turbulence, and
non-quasi-equilibrium compression.
2. To keep the specific volume of the gas as small
as possible by maintaining the gas temperature
as low as possible during the compression
process.
This requires that the gas be cooled
as it is compressed.

Steady-Flow Work
w rev

2
1 v

dp

Polytropic Processes

w rev

2
1

C

p

n 1

1
n

1
Cn

(pvn = constant)

dp
n1
2
n
p
1

1
1
n
C 2

1
n

dp

(p1v1 p2 v 2 )
n 1

Steady-Flow Work
Polytropic Processes

w rev

(pvn = constant)
n1

p2 n
nR(T1 T2 ) nRT1

n 1
p1
n 1

Isentropic Processes

w rev

(pvk = constant)
k 1

p2 k
kR(T1 T2 ) kRT1

k 1
p1
k 1

Steady-Flow Work
Isothermal Processes

w rev

2
1

(pv = constant)

C
1 dp
dp C 2
p
p

p1
p1
C ln RT ln
p
p

2
2
1. n = k
2. 1 < n < k
3. n = 1

2 1

Example 1
Air entering a compressor at p1 = 100 kPa and
T1 = 20 C and exiting at p2 = 500 kPa. If the air
undergoes a polytropic process with n = 1.3,
determine the work and heat transfer per unit
mass of flow rate.

Example 1 (continued)
T2 p2

T1 p1

n1
n

Polytropic processes

p2
T2 T1
p1

n1
n

500
293

100

1.3 1
1.3

= 425 K

& nR
W

(T1 T2 )
& n 1
m
1.3

0.287 293 425 = - 164.15 kJ/kg

1.3 1

Example 1 (continued)
r2 r2
& W
&
Q
V2 V1

(h2 h1 )
g(z2 z1 )
& m
&
m
2
Table A-17, T1 = 293 K,
T2 = 425 K,

h1 = 293.17 kJ/kg
h2 = 426.35 kJ/kg

= - 164.15 + (426.35 293.17)

= - 30.97 kJ/kg

Isentropic Efficiency for Turbines

Isentropic efficiency for a turbine is defined as
the ratio of the actual performance of a turbine
to the performance that would be achieved by
undergoing an isentropic process for the same
inlet state and the same exit pressure.
Wactual
t
Wisentropic

Isentropic Efficiency
Turbines

r2 r2
& W
&
Q
V2 V1

(h2 h1 )
g(z 2 z1 )
& m
&
m
2
&
W
1
h1 h2
&
m
h
h
&
W
2
& h1 h2s
2s
m s

h1 h2
t
h1 h2s

h2
h1 h2s

Example 2
Air enters a turbine at p1 = 300 kPa and
T1 = 390 K and exits at p2 = 100 kPa. Given
that the actual work output from the turbine is
74 kJ/kg and if the turbine operates adiabatically,
determine the isentropic efficiency for the turbine.

Wactual
Wactual
t

Wisentropic h1 h2s

Example 2 (continued)
p2 pr 2

p1 pr1
pr2

Table A-17 T1 = 390 K

pr1 = 3.481, h1 = 390.88 kJ/kg

p2
pr1
= 3.481 (100/300) = 1.1603
p1

&
W
& h1 h2s
m
s

Table A-17 pr2 = 1.1603,

h2s = 285.27 kJ/kg

= 390.88 285.27 = 105.6 kJ/kg

Wactual
74
t

= 0.7
Wisentropic 105.6

Isentropic Efficiency for Compressors

Isentropic efficiency for a compressor is defined
as the ratio of the performance of a compressor
that would be achieved by undergoing an
isentropic process to the actual performance for
the same inlet state and the same exit pressure.
c

Wisentropic
Wactual

Isentropic Efficiency
Compressors

r2 r2
& W
&
Q
V2 V1

(h2 h1 )
g(z 2 z1 )
& m
&
m
2

&
W
h2 h1
&
m
&
W
& h2s h1
m s
h2s h1
c
h2 h1

2s
h1 h2
h1 h2s

Example 3
Air enters an insulated compressor at p1 = 95 kPa
and T1 = 22 C. Given that p2/p1 = 6 and c = 0.82,
determine the exit temperature for the air.

Wisentropic
Wactual

h2s h1

h2 h1

h2s h1
h2
h1
c

Example 3 (continued)
p2 pr 2

p1 pr1
pr2

Table A-17 T1 = 295 K

pr1 = 1.3068, h1 = 295.17 kJ/kg

p2
pr1
= 1.3068 (6) = 7.841
p1

h2s h1
Table A-17
pr2 = 7.841,
h2
h1
T2s = 490.29 K h2s = 493.0 kJ/kg
c
493.0 295.17

295.17 536.4 kJ / kg
0.82
Table A-17
h2 = 536.4 kJ/kg,
T2 = 532 K

Example 4
0.5 kilogram of water executes a Carnot power
cycle. During the isothermal expansion, the water
is heated until it is a saturated vapor from an initial
state where the pressure is 1.5 MPa and the quality
is 25%. The vapor then expands adiabatically to
pressure of 100 kPa. Find
(a) the heat addition and rejection from this cycle.
(b) the cycle efficiency.

Example 4 (continued)
T
1

Given:
p1 = p2 = 1.5 MPa
p3 = p4 = 100 kPa
x1 = 0.25
W23 = 403.8 kJ/kg
Find:
Q12 = ?
Q34 = ?
S
=?

Example 4 (continued)
Q12 = m(u2 u1) + mp(v2 v1)
= m(h2 h1)
Table A-5
p1 = p2 = 1.5 MPa,
hf = 844.84 kJ/kg, hfg = 1947.3 kJ/kg, hg = 2792.2 kJ/kg
sf = 2.315 kJ/kg K, sfg = 4.1298 kJ/kg K, sg = 6.4448 kJ/kg K

h1 = hf + x1 hfg = 844.84 + 0.25(1947.3) = 1331.67 kJ/kg

s1 = sf + x1 sfg = 2.315 + 0.25(4.1298) = 3.3474 kJ/kg K
h2 = hg = 2792.2 kJ/kg
s2 = sg = 6.4448 kJ/kg K

Example 4 (continued)
Q12 = m(h2 h1) = 0.5(2792.2 1331.67) = 730.27 kJ

Q34 = m(h4 h3)

s3 = s2 = 6.4448 kJ/kg K
s4 = s1 = 3.3474 kJ/kg K

Table A-5
p3 = p4 = 100 kPa,
hf = 417.46 kJ/kg, hfg = 2258.0 kJ/kg, hg = 2675.5 kJ/kg
sf = 1.3026 kJ/kg K, sfg = 6.0568 kJ/kg K, sg = 7.3594 kJ/kg K

s3 sf 6.4448 1.3026
x3

0.849
sg s f
6.0568

Example 4 (continued)
s4 sf 3.3474 1.3026
x4

0.338
sg s f
6.0568

h3 = hf + x3 hfg = 417.46 + 0.849(2258) = 2334.5 kJ/kg

h4 = hf + x4 hfg = 417.46 + 0.338(2258) = 1180.66 kJ/kg
Q34 = m(h4 h3) = 0.5(1180.66 2334.5) = -576.92 kJ
Q34
QL
576.92
1
1
1
0.21
QH
Q12
730.27