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Chapter 6 Modulation
Techniques for Mobile Radio
IS-95
GSM
802.11
Introduction
Fading/multipath
Doppler Spread
ACI & CCI
A. Amplitude Modulation
Spectrum of AM wave
S( f )
Ac
k A
[ ( f f c ) ( f f c )] a c [ M ( f f c ) M ( f f c )]
2
2
Spectrum of AM wave.
10
B. Frequency Modulation
AMPS
Police/Fire/Ambulance Radios
Creates changes in the time varying phase (angle) of
the signal.
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(d) Frequency-modulated
signal.
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So
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Carsons Rule:
B 2 f + 2Bm
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Example: AMPS
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Performance advantages:
1) Resistant to noise, fading, & interference
2) Can combine multiple information types (voice,
data, & video) in a single transmission channel
3) Improved security (e.g., encryption) deters phone
cloning + eavesdropping
4) Error coding is used to detect/correct transmission
errors
5) Signal conditioning can be used to combat hostile
MRC environment
6) Can implement mod/dem functions using DSP
software (instead of hardware circuits).
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R
B
bps/Hz
B
R : data rate B: RF BW
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What would be the new data rate compared to the old data
rate if the symbol period where kept constant?
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B : RF BW
C : channel capacity (bps) of real data (not retransmissions
or errors)
To produce error-free transmission, some of the bit rate
will be taken up using retransmissions or extra bits for
error control purposes.
As noise power N increases, the bit rate would still be the
same, but max Bmax decreases.
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So
max
achieved in practice
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May need to use less power (to save on battery life) at the
expense of a lower data rate.
p vs. B is not the only consideration.
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Bandwidth Specifications
SW ( f ) lim T
T
T
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From
, noise of > would make the result
closer to and would make the decoder choose
s2(t) error.
Bandwidth Efficient
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BPSK
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BPSK RF signal BW
Null-to-null RF BW = 2 Rb = 2 / Tb
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Q( z )
z
1 y2 / 2
e
dy
2
Here
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Demodulation in Rx
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DPSK
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QPSK
Phase:
0 /2 3/2 possible phase values
Symbol: 00 01 11 10
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QPSK RF Signal BW
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OQPSK
Offset QPSK
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/4 QPSK
/4 QPSK
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