Ions in solids and

solutions.
 Ions in ionic solids.
Cl-

Na+

- + -
+ - +
- + -
 Ions in solution. δ+
δ-

δ+ Hydrated ions δ-

- +

δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+
δ+

δ-
δ-

δ+ δ-

δ- Most δ+
electronegative
Polar
Oδ-
O δ- molecules

HHδ+ HHδ+
δ+
Dissolving.
 δ-
δ- δ-
δ-

δ+
δ-
Some δ+
δ+ δ+
Some

δ-
bonds δ-
δ+
δ+
bonds δ+
δ- δ-
made broken δ-
δ-
δ+

δ+

δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-

δ+
δ-

δ-
δ- δ-

δ+ - + - δ+ δ-
δ+
δ-
δ-

+ - + δ+ δ+
δ-
δ+

- + - δ- δ-
δ+
δ+ δ+
δ-
δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+

δ-
δ+
Some Some
bonds bonds
broken made

- + -
+ - +

- + -
 Some
bonds
made -

- +

+ - +
Some
- + - bonds
broken
 Some
Dissolving. Some
bonds
bonds made
broken

Endothermic Exothermic
For Mg(NO3)2, the ions present in
solution are Mg2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Try Q1 from CI 5.1.

Page 40 will help you.
 Precipitation.
A precipitate is a solid made
when two solutions react.
Cl- Na+

Na+ Cl-
 NO3-

NO3 - Ag+

N a+
Na+

Cl-
Spectator ions
Ag+
Cl-
 Some
Some bonds
bonds
Ag+ made
broken

Cl-
Ag+ Cl-
 Precipitation. Some
bonds
Some made
bonds
broken

Exothermic
Endothermic
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
 NO3-

NO3 - Ag+

N a+
Na+

Cl-
Ag+
Spectator ionsCl -
 Spectator ions
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq)  AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Ag (aq) + Cl (aq)  AgCl(s)

+ -

Ionic equation
More precipitations:
Try Q3 from CI 5.1
Neutralisation.
 Spectator ions
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H (aq) + OH (aq)
+ -
 H2O(l)
Ionic equation
 More reactions of acids:
Try Q5 from CI 5.1

A spectator ion is an aqueous ion

on both sides of the equation!
 Finally….
Ion Ionic Water
radius molecules
attached
+
Na+ 0.098nm 5
2,8,8

Mg2+ 15
2,8,8
0.078nm
2+
Al3+ 0.057nm 26
2,8,8
 Water of
crystallisation…
Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 5H2O(l) 

CuSO4.5H2O
Try Q4 from CI 5.1
The hyperlink below is a good flash
animation of dissolving:
ICSD Chem
Zone Lesson  Dissolve &
Dissociate_files
http://www1.icsd.k12.ny.us/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/dissociate.htm