Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
- M/os can be
a) autochthonous (indigenous)
adaptive features
functional (metabolically active)
competitive
b) Allochthonous (foreign)
transient members
great variation in length of time of survival
Hydrosphere
- Ecosystem which contains water
- General characteristics of m/os that survive in water
a) grow at low nutrient concentrations
b) motile
c) some exhibit unusual shapes
- Divided into
a) freshwater habitat
b) marine habitat
b) Temperature
- Determined by the latitude and weather condition
- Distribution of heat dependent upon mixing of
water
- Large body of water more stable in temperature
c) Pressure
- Inland water (not important), oceans (important)
- Increases 1 atm with each 10 m in depth
- Affects metabolism of organisms and dissociation of
carbonic acids decrease in pH
d) Nutrient
- Varies.extremely low to high.
e) Dissolved gas
- Two most important gasses:
i. Oxygen: for aerobic biological processes
ii. CO2 : for photosynthetic processes
pH equilibrium
Oxygen
- Deep aquatic environment low O2 diffusion
environment.
- Thin water film high O2 diffusion environment
- O2 in water:
i) Slow diffusion
ii) Influencing factor: temperature and pressure.
- Rate of usage is faster than it can be replenished
- Aeration facilitated by surface turbulence
CO2
- Increase in CO2 will decrease pH
- Solubility affected by temperature
- Solubility is 3x higher than O2
Other gases
- N2 gas: N source for N2 fixers
Solubility is half of O2
- Methane: waste product
least soluble among the gasses.
Freshwater habitats
- Classification
a) lentic habitats
b) lotic habitats
- With higher vertical gradients over much shorter
distances
Lakes/Ponds
- 4 zones based on penetration of sunlight
a) Littoral zone
a) Littoral zone
- Full light penetration
- Shallow water near shore
- Dominated by submerged or partially submerged
higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria
b) Limnetic zone
- Open water away from shore
- Full penetration of light
- Primary producers algae and
cyanobacteria
c) Light
compensation point (LCP)
- Lowest level having effective light penetration
- Photosynthetic activity = respiratory
activity
- Green nonsulfur and purple sulfur
d) Profundal zone
- Very low penetration of sunlight
- High in organic nutrients
- Mostly anaerobic heterotrophs
e. Nutrients
- Oligotrophic
Nutrient-poor
O2 saturated
low microbial population
- Eutrophic nutrient-rich
Nutrient-rich
Sediments of organic matter
Epilimnion: aerobic
Hypolimnion: anaerobic
Lake Vostok
Oligotrophic
Eutrophic
-Water is clear
- Deep
- Shallow (sediments)
- Free of weeds
- Weeds
- No algae blooms
- Algae blooms
- Low nutrients
- High nutrients
- Eutrophication nutrient-enrichment
- Stimulates growth of plants, algae and bacteria
s
nt
ie f
tr nof
Nu ru
in
Effects of
eutrophication
O2
Cyanobacteria
Depth (m)
Epilimnion
Chlorobiaceae and
Chromatiaceae
10
Hypolimnion
Colorless sulfur
bacteria and sulfatereducing organisms
20
Heterotrophic
bacteria
H2S
- Other microorganisms
Algae autochthonous, contribute most of the organic C
Protozoa autochthonous, graze on algae and bacteria.
Allochthonous m/os e.g. cellulolytic form of fungi
CO2
N, P
Phytoplankton
DOM
Heterotrophic
bacteria/POM
Protozoa
CO2, N, P
and
minerals
Zooplankton
Top consumers
MICROBIAL
LOOP
Marine environments
- 97 % of earths water
- High pressure refrigerator
- Pressure 1 atm/10 meters depth Barophiles
- Salinity: approx. 35%
- pH 8.3-8.5
Neretic
Oceanic
Depth (km)
Euphotic zone
Continental
shelf
Continental
slope
Aphotic zone
Continental
rise
Abyssal plain
Ocean trench
Depth (m)
1000
Land
Pelagic zone
Epipelagic
zone
Littoral
zone
Sublittoral
zone
Bathypelagic
zone
6000
Benthic zone
Increase
Yellow 25 30 m
- Only euphotic zone (top 100 m) primary productivity
Green
Blue
c.) Temperature
d.) Nutrient
- Usually low at surface water
- Increase beneath the euphotic zone
- Surface nutrient improve only during upwelling
process
Wind-driven surface
current
Upwelling to replace
surface water
Continental slope
Land
Lithosphere
- Land masses (rocks and soil)
- Most important terrestrial habitat soil
- Different inorganic and organic components. Influence
by:
a.) weathering of rocks
b.) decomposition of plants
c.) redistribution of materials by water
movement.
Soil
- Form from weathering of rocks
- Classified by relative proportions of clay, silt, and sand
particles.
- A good soil
able to hold sufficient water
sufficient drainage
sufficient gas-filled pores
c.) Temperature
- Determine the composition of soil microflora
- Varies depending on
latitude and altitude
depth
Highest in
number
Ectomycorrhizae are important for nutrient absorption by tree and grape roots.
The dark, round masses inside the cells of this clover root are vesicules
for the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM).
Flagellates have one or two flagella which they use to propel or pull their way
through soil. A flagellum can be seen extending from the protozoan on the left.
The tiny specks are bacteria.
Credit: Elaine R. Ingham
b) Organic matter
- CO2
- Crop residues - cellulose, lignins, pectins,
proteins and etc.
- Animal residues - glycogen, proteins, fats
- Plant root exudates simple sugar, a.a,
organic acids
Degradation to produce
simpler molecules
Mineralization
Animal as a habitat
- Potential microbial colonization surfaces: skin, oral
cavity, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinogenital
- Access via contact, ingestion or inhalation
Advantages of adherence
a) prevent being wash out from the gut
b) formation of biofilm optimum nutrient benefit
- Skin:
Low water availability
Stratum corneum is regularly shedded
Permanent sites hair follicles and sweat
or sebaceous glands
Advantages of adherence
a) prevent being wash out from the gut
b) formation of biofilm optimum nutrient benefit
- Skin:
Low water availability
Stratum corneum is regularly shedded
Permanent sites hair follicles and sweat
or sebaceous glands
b.) Anaerobiosis
- Alimentary tract O2 tension varies
- Skin high O2 tension aerobic m/os
- Lumen of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
anoxic environment facultative and strictly
anaerobic bacteria
c.) Temperature
- Warm blooded animal not much influence on
microbial population
- Poikilothermal animals changes of microbial
population depending on environmental
temperature
d.) Acidity
- Oral cavity: pH 7-7.5 (regulate by saliva)
- Stomach hydrochloric acid pH to 2-3
- Skin pH 5.0-6.5
- Also influenced by diet