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Bus Bar
Protection
GE Multilin
Outline
Bus arrangements
Bus components
Bus protection techniques
CT Saturation
Application Considerations:
High impedance bus differential
relaying
Low impedance bus differential
relaying
Special topics
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
----
n-1
ZONE 2
ZONE 2
TRANFER BUS
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Multilin
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ZONE 2
ZONE 2
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Multilin
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Breaker-and-a-half bus
ZONE 1
ZONE 2
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Multilin
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Ring bus
L1
L2
TB1
B1
B2
TB1
L3
L4
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Bus components
breakers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1
ISO 2
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 2
ISOLATOR 1
ISO 1
+
7B
7A
ISOLATOR 1 OPEN
F1a
F1c
F1b
BUS 1
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
ISOLATOR 1
+
7B
7A
ISOLATOR 1 CLOSED
F1a
F1c
F1b
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Current Transformers
BUS 1
BUS 2
ISO 1
ISO 2
CB 1
ISO 3
BYPASS
Bushing type
(medium voltage
switchgear)
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Protection Requirements
High bus fault currents due to large number of
circuits connected:
CT saturation often becomes a problem as CTs may not be
sufficiently rated for worst fault condition case
large dynamic forces associated with bus faults require fast
clearing times in order to reduce equipment damage
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Interlocking Schemes
BLOCK
50
50
50
50
50
50
Blocking scheme
typically used
Short coordination time
required
Care must be taken with
possible saturation of
feeder CTs
Blocking signal could be
sent over
communications ports
(peer-to-peer)
This technique is limited
to simple one-incomer
distribution buses
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Overcurrent (unrestrained)
Differential
Differential signal formed
51
by summation of all
currents feeding the bus
CT ratio matching may be
required
On external faults,
saturated CTs yield
spurious differential
current
Time delay used to cope
with CT saturation
Instantaneous differential
OC function useful on
integrated microprocessorbased relays
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear Couplers
40 V
10 V
10 V
0V
20 V
0V
59
External
Fault
If =
8000 A
2000
2000 A
4000
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear
E = I *X - secondary voltage on relay terminals
Couplers
sec
prim
Fault
40 V
0V
10 V
2000
10 V
2000
0V
59
20 V
4000
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Linear
Couplers
Fast, secure and proven
Require dedicated air gap CTs, which may not
be used for any other protection
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable
buses
The scheme uses a simple voltage detector
it does not provide benefits of a
microprocessor-based relay (e.g.
oscillography, breaker failure protection,
other functions)
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
59
Requires varistors or AC
shorting relays to limit energy
during faults
Accuracy dependent on
secondary circuit resistance
o
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Percent Differential
87
51
I DIF I1 I 2 ... I n
I RES I1 I 2 ... I n
Percent characteristic
used to cope with CT
saturation and other
errors
Restraining signal can
be formed in a number
of ways
No dedicated CTs
needed
Used for protection of
re-configurable buses
possible
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
differential computation
o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
bus zone
o Time-stamped event recording
o Breaker failure protection
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
52
DAU
52
DAU
DAU
CU
copper
fiber
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
52
52
CU
copper
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a number of factors
o Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding
resistance, saturation voltage)
o Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays)
o Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R)
o Residual flux in CT core
Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same
manner as the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults
End result is spurious differential current appearing in the
summation of the secondary currents which may cause
differential elements to operate if additional security is
not applied
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains
fairly symmetrical
Ratio Current
CT Current
With DC Offset
Ratio Current
CT Current
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
t1
t0
Fault starts at t0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t 1
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
t1
t0
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
present
o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation
or evolving faults
HighImpedance
Bus
Differential
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
59 element
set above max possible voltage
External
Fault
developed across relay during external fault causing
worst case CT saturation
For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well
above 59 element pickup) will develop across relay
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
ApplicationCTs
of high impedance differential relays
Multi-ratio
with CTs of different ratios but ratio matching taps is
possible, but could lead to voltage magnification.
Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT
does not exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Use of auxiliary
Multi-ratio
CTs CTs to obtain correct ratio matching
is also possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver
enough voltage necessary to produce relay operation
for internal faults.
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Electromechanical High
Impedance Bus Differential
Relays
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
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High-Impedance Module
+
Overcurrent Relay
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Multilin
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LowImpedance
Bus
Differential
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Multilin
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1
2
3
4
=
=
=
=
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Not used
Different CT Ratio
Capability for Each
Circuit
Largest CT Primary is
Base in Relay
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
CB
11
CB
12
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Multilin
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87B phase A
87B phase B
87B phase C
Logic relay
(switch status,
optional BF)
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Relay becomes
combination of
restrained and
unrestrained elements
In order to parallel CTs:
CT-2
I 3 =0
I 2 =0
I 1 = Error
CT-3
CT-4
I DIFF = Error
I REST = Error
Maloperation if
Error > PICKUP
CT performance must be
closely matched
o Any errors will appear as
differential currents
Associated feeders must be
radial
o No backfeeds possible
Pickup setting must be raised
to accommodate any errors
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
sum of
1
iR i1 i2 i3 ... in
n
iR n i1 i2 i3 ... in
iR Max i1 , i2 , i3 ,..., in
scaled sum of
geometrical average
maximum of
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Max Of Approach
Less restraint on external faults;
more sensitive for internal faults
Breakpoint settings for the
percent differential
characteristic easier to set
Better handles situation where
one CT may saturate completely
(99% slope settings possible)
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
differential
Region 2
(high differential
currents)
Region 1
(low differential
currents)
restraining
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
DIFL
OR
OR
DIR
AND
SAT
87B BIASED OP
DIFH
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
(Severe CT Saturation)
needed
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
imag
Ip
ID I p
imag
OPERATE
BLOCK
I D -I
Ip
real
Ip
BLOCK
Ip
ID I p
OPERATE
I D -I
ID I p
real
Ip
ID I p
Ip
BLOCK
BLOCK
OPERATE
OPERATE
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation
t2
t1
t0
SAT := 0
The differential
current below the
first slope for
certain period of
time
saturation
condition
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
The differential
characteristic
entered
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Detector
Operating Principles
The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during
internal faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during
external faults, regardless of whether or not
any of the CTs saturate.
By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the
relay to use the additional 87B DIR phase
The
Saturation
Detector
NOT Block the
comparison
for
Region WILL
2
Operation of the Differential Element it will
only Force 2-out-of-2 Operation
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
CT Saturation Detector The oscillography records on the next two slides were
Examples
captured from a B30 relay under test on a real-time digital
power system simulator
First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation
(~1.5 msec of good CT performance)
o SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP
bus differential pickup
o DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows
out of zone), so even though bus differential picks up, no
trip results
Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation
o BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR
asserts
o CT saturation does not block bus differential
More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
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Multilin
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CT Saturation Example
External Fault
200
150
current, A
100
~1 ms
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06
The
directional flag
is not set
0.07
0.08
0.09
time, sec
0.1
0.11
0.12
The element
does not
maloperate
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
is seen in the
opposite direction
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
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The saturation
flag is not set - no
directional
decision required
The element
operates in
10ms
The
directional
flag is set
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Applying Low-Impedance
Differential Relays for Busbar
Protection
Basic Topics
Configure physical CT Inputs
Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus
Replica
Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
Isolator switch monitoring for
reconfigurable buses
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Integrated Breaker Failure protection
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary
rating and select Secondary rating.
Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be
assigned to a Signal Source that is used to
define the Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Primar
y
Secondar
y
Zone
CT1
F1
3200 A
1A
CT2
F2
2400 A
5A
CT3
F3
1200 A
1A
CT For4 Zone
CT-Zone
For
5
F4
3200 A
1A
1, 1 p.u. = 3200 AP
F51 p.u.1200
A
5A
2,
= 5000
AP
CT-
F6
5000 A
5A
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low
Breakpoint
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
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High Set
(Unrestrained)
High Slope
Low Slope
High
Breakpoint
Min Pickup
Low
Breakpoint
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Multilin
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Reconfigurable Buses
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-7
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
B-3
CT-4
CT-5
B-4
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Reconfigurable Buses
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
CT-4
B-3
CT-7
B-4
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
Reconfigurable Buses
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
CT-4
B-3
CT-7
B-4
CT-5
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
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Multilin
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Reconfigurable Buses
C-3
C-5
NORTH BUS
S-1
B-1
S-5
S-3
B-5
CT-7
CT-1
CT-2
B-2
CT-3
B-3
CT-4
CT-5
B-4
B-7
CT-6
CT-8
B-6
S-2
S-6
S-4
SOUTH BUS
C-1
C-2
C-4
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Isolators
Reliable Isolator Closed signals are needed for the
Dynamic Bus Replica
In simple applications, a single normally closed contact
may be sufficient
For maximum safety:
o Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used
o Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid
differential calculations
o Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
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Isolator
Closed
Auxiliary
Contact
On
Isolator
Position
Alarm
Block
Switching
CLOSED
No
No
Off
Off
LAST VALID
Until Isolator
On
On
CLOSED
On
Off
OPEN
After time
delay
until
acknowledge
d
No
Position is
valid
No
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Multilin
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Undervoltage condition
CT OK
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
Iso
la
Phase A AC signals
wired here, bus replica
configured here
Phase B AC signals
wired here, bus replica
configured here
to
rP
os
it
ion
os
itio
n
Phase C AC signals
wired here, bus replica
configured here
o
iti
s
Po
r
o
at
l
o
s
I
Auxuliary switches wired here;
Isolator Monitoring function
configured here
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Example Architecture BF
v.
Initiationt S&
up Current Supervision
BF
te
a
i
t
Ini
F
B
BF
In
iti
a
en
r
r
u
&C
Ini
tia
te
&
Phase A AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
Phase B AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
te
&
Cu
rre
n
Cu
rre
nt
tS
Phase C AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
BF
up
v.
Su
pv
.
Breaker Failure
elements
configured here
iti
n
I
e
at
&
nt
e
rr
u
C
v.
p
Su
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
May 3, 2016
Trip
Br
ea
Bre
ak
er
Fai
l
Op
Phase A AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
Phase B AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
ke
rF
ai
lO
Trip
Op
Trip
Phase C AC signals
wired here, current
status monitored here
Fa
r
e
ak
p
li O
e
Br
Breaker Fail Op command
generated here and send to
trip appropriate breakers
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Multilin
May 3, 2016
IEEE 37.234
Guide for Protective Relay Applications
to Power System Buses is currently
being revised by the K14 Working Group
of the IEEE Power System Relaying
Committee.
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Multilin
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Multilin
May 3, 2016