Lecture 6 of C Language

Arrays

Introducing Arrays
Array are collection of elements of same
data type.
All elements
memory.

are

consecutively in

Each element can be individually

referenced by
adding an index to a
unique name.

Uses:
Arrays are useful when we store related
data items.

Introducing Arrays
Examples:
List of marks of students
List of grades of students
List of employees in an organization
List of names of students

Declaration of an Array
type Array_name[size];
Here size indicates the maximum number
of elements.
The subscript value start from 0 to size-1.
Example:

int number[10];
float number[10];
char grade[10];

Initialising an Array
An

array is initialized after it is declared.

The following array can hold marks of five
subjects:
int marks[5];
An array can be initialized in following ways:
First approach: The value of each element is
listed within two curly brackets { } and a comma
(,)is used to separate one element from another.
Ex. marks [5] = {55, 60, 40, 80, 90}

Initialising an Array
Second approach:
elements of array can be initilised one at a time.
Ex. mark[0] = 55;
mark[1] = 60;
mark[2] = 40;
mark[3] = 80;
mark[4] = 90;
Note: In an array index of first element is considered
as zero.
Therefore in an array of n elements first index is 0
and last index is n-1.

Initialising an Array
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int A[10],i,j,temp;
printf(Enter 10 numbers);
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
scanf(%d,&A[i]);

Size of an Array
Once an array is declared, its size is
fixed.
After that it can not changed.
Ex.

int A[10];

Can store only 10 elements (A[0] to

A[9]).

Initialising an Array
Declaring,

creating and initilising in

single step:

int

marks[5]={50, 60, 40, 80, 90}

Multidimensional Array
The

type of array that we have discussed till

now is single dimensional array as it has
only single index.

Two

dimensional arrays also called as matrix.

Two dimensional arrays looks like this:
Column 0 Column 1

Row 0
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3

Column 2 Column 3

Declaration: Multidimensional
Array

type

array_name[row_size][column_size];
row_size >Number of rows in matrix
column_size > Number of columns in matrix

Ex: We can declare an array to store 100

students marks for five subjects.
int marks[100][5];
Examples:

int number[4][3];
float number[3][2];
char name[10][20];

/* 12 elements */
/* 6 elements */
/* 200 chars */

Initialization of a 2-D Array

int a[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6};

int a[2][3]={{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}};

int a[][3]={{1,2,3}, {4,5,6}}

int a[2][3]={0}

Following initializations are not allowed

int a[3][]={2,4,6,8,10,12};

int a[][]={2,4,6,8,10,12};

Note:

If the first bracket pair is empty, then

compiler take the size from the number of inner
brace pairs

Example

#include <stdio.h>
#define row 4
#define col 3
void main()
{
int M[row][col];
int i,j,k;
printf(Enter data for Matrix M1\n);
for(i=0;i<row;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<col;j++)
{
scanf(%d,&M1[i][j]);
}
printf(\n);
}

Memory Map for 2-D

Arrays
Kept in memory as a linear sequence of variables.
Two

methods for storing Row major

Column major
Example:
int a[3][3];
Row major storage:
a[0][0], a[0][1], a[0][2],
a[1][2], a[2][0], a[2][1],
Column major storage:
a[0][0], a[1][0], a[2][0],
a[2][1], a[0][2], a[1][2],

a[1][0], a[1][1],
a[2][2]
a[0][1], a[1][1],
a[2][2]

Strings

Strings

The way a group of integers can be

stored in an integer array, similarly a
group of characters can be stored in a
character array. Character arrays are
many a time also called strings.

A string is a one-dimensional array of

characters terminated by a null ( \0 ).

Normally eachcharacteris stored in one

byte, successive characters are stored
in
successive
bytes.

Null Character
The

terminating null (\0) is important,

because it is the only way to know
where the string ends. In fact, a
string not terminated by a \0 is not
really a string, but merely a collection
of characters.

Declaring strings
Char stringname[size];
The size determinesthe number ofcharacters
in thestringname.
Example:
char monthname[12];
char address[100];
The size of the array should be one byte
more than the actual space occupied by
the stringsince the complier appends a
nullcharacterat the end of thestring.

Initializing Strings
char month[ ]={j,a,n,u,a,r,y ,\0};
Or
char month[ ]={january};
Then thestringmonth is initializing to
January. This is perfectly valid but C offers a
special way to initialize strings. The
abovestringcan
be
initializedchar
month1[]=January. The characters of
thestringare enclosed within a part of
double quotes.

String Initialization:
char str[9] = I like C;
same as
char str[9]={I, ,l,i,k,e, ,C,\0};
Q. Is there any difference between following
Initialization?
char str[]=ITMU;
char str[4]= ITMU;
Ans: Yes, in second declaration there is no null
character

Reading Strings from the terminal:

The function scanf with %s format

specification is needed to read
thecharacterstring fromthe terminal.
Example:
char address[15];
scanf(%s,address);
Scanf statement has a draw back it just
terminates the statement as soon as it finds a
blank space, suppose if we type
thestringNew York then only thestringNew
will be read and since there is a blank space
after word New it will terminate thestring.

Arrays of Strings

Declaration:
char

name[5][30];
Five strings each contains maximum thirty characters.
Initialization:
char[5]

[10]={One,Two,Three,Four,Five};
Other

valid declarations
char[][]={One,Two,Three,Four,Five};
char[5][]={One,Two,Three,Four,Five};
22

Copying String

we cannot assign onestringto another directly.

For example:

String1=xyz;
String2=string1;

Are not valid.

To
copy
the
chars
in
onestringto
anotherstringwe
may
do
so
on
a
charactertocharacterbasis.

String operations (string.h)

C
library
supports
a
large
number
ofstringhandling functions that can be used
forstring manipulations such as:

Length (number of characters in thestring).

Concatenation (adding two are more strings)
Comparing two strings. (if equal or not)
Copy(copies onestringover another)

To do all theoperationsdescribed here it is

essential to includestring.h library header file in
the program.

strlen() function:

This function counts and returnsthe number

ofcharacters in a string. The length does not include a
nullcharacter.
Syntax
n=strlen(string);
Where n is integer variable. Which receives the value
of length of the string.
Example
length=strlen(Hollywood);

The functionwill assign number of characters 9 in the

string to a integer variable length.

strcat() function:

when you combine two strings, you add the characters

of one string to the end of other string. This process is
called concatenation. It takes the following form
strcat(string1,string2)
string1 & string2 arecharacterarrays. Whenthe
functionstrcat is executed string2 is appended to
string1.
Example
strcpy(string1,deep);
strcpy(string2,kamal);

strcat(string1,string2);

From the above program segment the value of string1

becomes deepkamal. The string at str2 remains
unchanged
as
kamal.

strcmp function:

In C you cannot directly compare the value of 2 strings in a condition

like if(string1==string2)
Most libraries however contain the strcmp() function, which returns a
zero if 2 strings are equal, or a non zero number if the strings are
not the same.

The syntax of strcmp() is given below:

Strcmp(string1,string2)
Example:

strcmp(Newyork,Newyork)will return zero because 2 strings are

equal.
strcmp(their,there)will return a 9 which is the numeric difference
between ASCII i and ASCII r.
strcmp(The, the)will return 32 which is the numeric difference
between ASCII T & ASCII t.

strcpy() function:

C does not allow you to assign the characters to a

string directly as in the statement name=Robert;
Instead use the strcpy function found in most
compilers.

syntax
strcpy(string1,string2);

Strcpy function assigns the contents of string2 to

string1. string2 may be a character array variable or
a string constant.
strcpy(Name,Robert);
In the above example Robert is assigned to the
string called name.