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Theorem
x a
x a x a
2
2
2
x a x 2ax a
x a x 3ax 3a x a
4
4
3
2 2
3
4
x a x 4ax 6a x 4a x a
5
5
4
2 3
3 2
4
5
x
__
ax
__
a
x
__
a
x
__
a
x
a
x
We can easily see the pattern on the x's and the a's. But what
about the coefficients? Make a guess and then as we go we'll
see how you did.
Let's list all of the coefficients on the x's and the a's and look for a
pattern.
x a
x a 1
1
x a 1x 1a
2
2
2
x
1
x
2
ax
1
a
1
1
1
+
5
+
4
+
3
+
2
+
6
1
+
4
10 10 5
x a 1x 3ax 3a x 1a
4
4
3
2 2
3
4
x a 1x 4ax 6a x 4a x 1a
3
+
3
1
1
Can you
guess the
next row?
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
3
6
1
4
10 10 5
1
1
0! = 1 1! = 1
n! = n(n-1) . . . 3 2 1
n must be an integer greater than or equal to 2
What this says is if you have a positive integer followed by
the factorial symbol you multiply the integer by each integer
less than it until you get down to 1.
6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720
n
n!
j ! n j !
j
5
5!
5 4
3 2 1 20
10
2! 5 2 ! 2 1 3 2 1
2
2
2
12
12!
12 11 10
9!
220
9! 12 9 ! 9! 3 2 1
9
We are now ready to see how this applies to expanding
binomials.
x a
n n n
n 1
x ax L
0
1
n n
a
n
The x's start out to the nth power and decrease by 1 in power
each term. The a's start out to the 0 power and increase by 1
in power each term. The binomial coefficients are found by
computing the combination symbol. Also the sum of the
powers on a and x is n.
12 4 8
4
1 less
than
term
number
8
a
x
495a
x
4
So we'll have x8
(sum of two powers is 12)
Instead of x
Instead of a
we have 2x
we have -3y
Let's use what we've learned to expand (2x - 3y)6
First let's write out the expansion of the general (x + a)6 and
then we'll substitute.
x a
5
5
6
x 6 __
__ a 2 x 4 20
__ a 3 x 3 15
__ a 4 x 2 __
6 ax 15
6 a xa
3 y will
2 xbe
2 x 3 y 2 x 6 these
the15same
3 y 2 x
3
3
4
2
5
6
20 3 y 2 x 15 3these
y will
2 x bethe
6 same
3 y 2 x 3 y
6
Let's confirm
that
Let's
find
the
This
will
6
6! 6 5!
Let's
find
the
also3be
the
Now
we'll find
6
6 the 6
5 6!6! 6
4
2 this is also
3 the
6
coefficient
for
6
5
5
4
4!
3!
coefficient
forofthe
64
x
576
x
y
2160
x
y
4320
x
y
1
1!5!
5!
15
20
coefficient
of
the of
the
coefficient
second
term.
coefficient
third
3 2 3!3!
2!4! 5 3 224!
3! 62nd tothe
last3rd
term.
the
4thterm.
term
2 4
to
4860 x y 6 2916
729 y
6! xy 65!
last term.
6
formula
Acknowledgement
I wish to thank Shawna Haider from Salt Lake Community College, Utah
USA for her hard work in creating this PowerPoint.
www.slcc.edu
Shawna has kindly given permission for this resource to be downloaded
from www.mathxtc.com and for it to be modified to suit the Western
Australian Mathematics Curriculum.
Stephen Corcoran
Head of Mathematics
St Stephens School Carramar
www.ststephens.wa.edu.au