1.

2 Formation of Ions
1.3 Periodic Table

Recall from Previous Lesson

Refer to page 9 of your notes

Formation of Ions
1. During chemical reactions, some atoms
might lose/gain electron(s).
2. Atom becomes an ion (charged particle)
when it gains or loses electron(s).

Refer to page 9 of your notes

Question: Why does an atom become a charged particle when it gains
or loses electron(s)?

An atom is electrically neutral because number of

electrons = number of protons (equal positive and negative
charges).
When it gains or loses electron(s), the positive and
negative charges are not balanced.
Therefore, the atom becomes a charged particle.
(positively charged or negatively charged)

Refer to page 10 of your notes

Formation of Cations
When an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively charged
particle called cation.

Lithium atom (Li)

3 electrons
3 protons
Net charge: 0

Lithium ion (Li+)

2 electrons
3 protons
Net charge: +1

Refer to page 10 of your notes

In a lithium atom, there are 3 protons and 3 electrons.
In a lithium ion, there are 3 protons and 2 electrons.
Therefore, the lithium ion carries an overall positive charge of 1+ and is
written as Li+.
Metals form positively charged ions (cations).
More examples of Ions of some Metals
Metal

Chemical
Symbol

Proton
Number

Electronic
Configuration

Gain/Lose
Electrons

Name of Ion

Formula
of Ion

Sodium

Na

11

(2,8,1)

Lose 1 electron

Sodium ion

Na+

Magnesium

Mg

12

(2,8,2)

Lose 2 electrons

Magnesium ion

Mg2+

Aluminum

Al

13

(2,8,3)

Lose 3 electrons

Aluminum ion

Al3+

Refer to page 10 of your notes

Formation of Anions
When an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged

particle called anion.

Fluorine atom (F)

9 electrons
9 protons
Net charge: 0

Fluoride ion (F-)

10 electrons
9 protons
Net charge: -1

Refer to page 10 of your notes

In a fluorine atom, there are 9 protons and 9 electrons.
In a fluoride ion, there are 9 protons and 10 electrons.
Therefore, the fluoride ion carries an overall positive charge of 1- and is
written as F-.
Non-metals form negatively charged ions (anions).
More Examples of Ions of some Non-metals
Metal

Chemical
Symbol

Proton
Number

Electronic
Configuration

Gain/Lose
Electrons

Name of Ion

Formula
of Ion

Chlorine

Cl

17

(2,8,7)

Gain 1 electron

Chloride ion

Cl-

Oxygen

(2,6)

Gain 2 electrons

Oxide ion

O2-

Sulphur

16

(2,8,6)

Gain2 electrons

Sulphide ion

S2-

Thinking Time (page 10)

Why do atoms become ions?
(Note: this will be covered under chemical bonding)
To obtain a full valence shell (based on observation
from above example).
To obtain the same electronic structure of a noble gas
so as to be stable

Refer to page 11 of your notes

Recall: An element is a pure substance that cannot be split
up into two or more simpler substances.
History of the Periodic Table
During the 19th century, several chemists looked
for patterns in the properties of elements.
The most successful of these approaches was by
the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.
Mendeleev arranged all the known elements in order of their relative atomic
masses.
He also arranged the elements in horizontal rows so that elements with similar
properties were in the same vertical column.

Refer to page 11 of your notes

He left gaps in his table so that similar elements were in the same vertical
group. Three of these gaps are shown as asterisks in the figure above.

Refer to page 11 of your notes

1. He predicted the properties of the missing elements from
the properties of elements above and below them in his
table.
2. Within 15 years of his predictions, the missing elements
had been discovered. They were called scandium,
gallium and germanium.
3. Their properties were very similar to Mendeleev's
predictions.

Refer to page 12 of your notes

Divides metal from nonmetals. Elements found
along this line are known as
metalloids. They have some
properties of metals and
non-metals.

Elements that are arranged in the same vertical column

belong to the same group. Elements in the same group
have the same chemical properties. There are 8 groups
of elements from Group I to Group 0.

The names of elements are

represented by chemical symbols.
For example, carbon is
represented by C and chlorine is
represented by Cl.

Elements that are arranged in the same horizontal row

belong to the same period. (same number of electrons
shells)
Each element in a period has a proton number which is one
less than the element after it.
As, we move gradually from left to right, the properties of the
elements gradually change from metals to non-metals.

Refer to page 13 of your notes

(a) Group
The groups in the Periodic Table are numbered from I to VII and then
Group 0.
Some of these groups have names:
1. Elements between Group II and III are known as transition metals or
transition elements.
2. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and
will undergo the same type of chemical reactions.
Group number

Group

Alkali metals

II

Alkaline earth metals

VII

Halogens

Noble gases

Refer to page 13 of your notes

(b) Period
Each period is numbered, 1, 2, 3, etc.
Elements in the 1st period will only have their 1st shell fully/partially
occupied with electrons.
Elements in the 2nd period will have their 1st shell fully occupied with
electrons, and their 2nd shell fully/partially occupied with electrons.

Refer to page 14 of your notes

Element
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P

Proton
number

Number of electrons in
1st shell 2nd shell 3rd shell

4th shell

Electronic
configuration

Period Group

2.1

2.2

II

2.3

III

2.4

IV

2.5

2.6

VI

2.7

VII

10

2.8

11

2.8.1

12

2.8.2

II

13

2.8.3

III

14

2.8.4

IV

15

2.8.5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8

Refer to supplementary notes

Group 1 Elements Alkali Metals
1. The elements in Group 1 are known as
alkali metals because they react with
water to form alkalis.
2. They are reactive metals and are
stored in oil to prevent them from
reacting with water and air.

1) All
On
One
going
alkali
Electron
down,
metals
these
onreact
thegroups
outer
with cold
most
these
water
shell
increases:
to form hydrogen and an alkali
Chemical
Electronic
Physical
Property
Properties
Structure

Group I

Refer to supplementary notes

Group VII Elements Halogens
The elements in Group VII of the
periodic table are called
halogens.
They form a group of reactive
non-metals.

1) All
On
Seven
going
halogens
Electron
down,
react
these
onwith
the
groups:
outer
iron and
most
with
shell
other metals to form salts called halides.
Chemical
Electronic
Physical
Property
Properties
Structure

Group VII

Refer to supplementary notes

Group 0 Elements Noble Gases
1. The elements in Group 0 or Group VIII
are called noble gases or inert gases.
2. They are the least reactive
elements in the Periodic Table.
3.

Apart from helium which has 2

valence electrons, the other noble
gases have 8 valence electrons.

4. Their full electronic structures make

them unreactive.

Refer to supplementary notes

Group 0 Elements Noble Gases
Most of the noble gases can be obtained commercially through
fractional distillation of liquefied air.
Properties of the Noble Gases:
1) Monatomic elements (single atom)
2) Colourless gas at room temperature
3) Low melting point and boiling point that increase on going down
the group
4) Insoluble in water
5) Unreactive They do not react to form compounds.

Refer to page 14 of your notes

(c) Patterns in the Periodic Table
One useful way of classifying elements is as metals and non-metals.

Refer to page 14 of your notes

(c) Patterns in the Periodic Table
Unfortunately, it is not easy to classify some elements in this way.
Take, for example, graphite and silicon.
These two elements have high melting points and high boiling points
(like metals) but they have low densities (like non-metals).

Refer to page 14 of your notes

The graphite nose cone of a space
shuttle being tested in a furnace.
Why is graphite used for the nose cone?
The nose cone is required to
withstand the high temperature
encountered during atmospheric entry
and maintain the structure of the
spacecraft,
Pg 15:
They conduct electricity better than non-metals but not as well as metals.
Elements with some properties like metals and other properties like nonmetals are called metalloids.
Because of this difficulty in classifying elements neatly as metals and nonmetals, chemists looked for patterns in the properties and reactions of
smaller groups of elements.

Refer to page 16 of your notes

(d) Charges on ions
Charges on the ions formed are related to the group number and number of
valence electrons.
Elements on the left side of the Periodic Table lose their valence electrons to
form cations with charges corresponding to their group number.
Elements on the right side of the Periodic Table gain electrons to form anions.
The charges on the anions corresponding to the number of electrons gained to fill
their valence shells with eight electrons.

Element
Group number
Formula of ion

Na
I
Na+

Mg
II
Mg2+

Al
III
Al3+

Si
IV
-

P
V
P3-

S
VI
S2-

Cl
VII
Cl-

Ar
0
-