SEMINAR REPORT ON

WIDEBAND CODE-DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS(WCDMA)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
SR.ASSTT. PROFESSOR

MRS. MEENAKSHI AWSATHI

SABAL KUMAR

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION :WCDMA
BASICS OF WCDMA
SPECIFICATIONS
GENRATION OF WCDMA
SPREADING PRINCIPLE
CODES
POWER CONTROL
WCDMA HANDOVERS
ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
CURRENT WCDMA MARKET

WCDMA
WCDMA: A high speed 3G mobile wireless technology
with capacity to offer higher data rate than CDMA.
WCDMA has the capacity to easily handle bandwidthintensive applications such as video, data, and image
transmission necessary for mobile internet services.
WCDMA was adopted as a standard by the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT
2000) with the intention to create a global standard for
real time multimedia services and international
roaming.
WCDMA is direct spread technology, which means that
it will spread its transmissions over a wide, 5MHz
carrier.
WCDMA is the leading 3G wireless standard in the
world today.

BASICS OF THE WCDMA

WCDMA users share same radio resources
whereas TDMA or FDMA users have their own
radio resources allocated.
User signals are differentiated based on codes.

GENERATION OF WCDMA
Channelization
Channelization
code
code
Channel
Channel
data
data

Scrambling
Scrambling
code
code
QPSK

Channel
bit rate

Chip rate
Chip rate
(always 3.84 Mchips/s)

SPREADING PRINCIPLE

rect Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)

Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

t
MS
1
MS
2
MS
3

Code

f
5 MHz

WCDMA (5 MHz)
IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)

SPREADING CODES
Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization
code
Scrambling codes
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)

Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the
same scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate

CHANNELIZATION CODES
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit
rate
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish
between data (and control) channels coming from the same RBS

CC1, CC2

CC3, CC4
CC5, CC6, CC7

In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between

data (and control) channels from the same UE

CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

SCRAMBLING CODES
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a
special code to distinguish between different transmitters.
Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be
synchronized
The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code
length longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)
Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

SCRAMBLING CODES
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned by
operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by network)

Cell 1 transmits using SC1

SC1

SC1

SC3

SC4

Cell 2 transmits using SC2

SC2

SC5

SC2

SC6

POWER CONTROL IN WCDMA

The purpose of power control (PC) is to
ensure that each user receives and
transmits just enough energy to prevent:
Blocking of distant users (near-fareffect)
Exceeding reasonable interference
levels

Without PC
received power
levels would be
unequal

UE1
UE2
UE3

UE2

UE1

UE1 UE2 UE3

UE3

In theory with PC
received power
levels would be
equal

 Power control can be divided into two parts:

Open loop power control (fast power control)
Used to compensate e.g. free-space loss in the beginning
of the call
Based on distance attenuation
Closed loop power control (slow power control)
Used to eliminate the effect of fast fading
Applied 1500 times per second
Closed loop power control can also be divided into two parts:
Inner loop power control
Measures the signal levels and compares this to the target
value and if the value is higher than target then power is
lowered otherwise power is increased
Outer loop power control
Adjusts the target value for inner loop power control
Can be used to control e.g. the Quality of Service (QOS)

 Example of inner loop power control behavior:

With higher velocities channel fading is more rapid and 1500 Hz
power control may not be sufficient

WCDMA Handovers
WCDMA handovers can be categorized into three
different types which support different handover
modes
Intra-frequency handover
WCDMA handover within the same frequency and
system. Soft, softer and hard handover supported

Inter-frequency handover
Handover between different frequencies but within the
same system. Only hard handover supported

Inter-system handover
Handover to the another system, e.g. from WCDMA to
GSM. Only hard handover supported

WCDMA Handovers
Soft handover
Handover between different
base stations
Connected simultaneously to
multiple base stations
The transition between
them should be seamless
Downlink: Several Node BS
transmit the same signal
to the UE which combines
the transmissions
Uplink: Several Node BS
receive the UE
transmissions and it is
required that only one of
them receives the
transmission correctly

UE: USER EQUIPMENT

BS:BASE STATION

WCDMA Handovers
SECTOR B

Softer handover
Handover within the
coverage area of one base
station but between
different sectors
Procedure similar to soft
handover

UE1

BS 2

Hard handover
The source is released first
and then new one is added
Short interruption time

SECTOR A

CELLS

CURRENT WCDMA MARKETS

GSM+WCDMA share currently over 86%.
Around 260 WCDMA networks in over 105 countries.
CDMA share decreasing every year.
More than 340 million WCDMA subscriber.

WCDMA SPECIFICATIONS
CHANNAL BANDWIDH
:
DUPLEX MODE
:
TDD
CHIP RATE
:
3.84Mbps
FRAME LENTH
:
SPREADING MODULATION
QPSK(DOWNLINK)

5MHZ
FDD and

10ms
BALANCED
DUAL

CHANNEL QPSK(UPLINK)
DATA MODULATION
(DOWNLINK)

BPSK(UPLINK)
CHANNEL CODING
:
CONVOLUTIONAL and TURBO
CODES

QPSK

ADVANTAGES OF WCDMA
SERVICE FLEXIBILITY
SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY
CAPACITY AND COVERAGE
EVERRY CONNECTION CAN PROVIDE
MULTIPLE SERVICE
NETWORK SCALE ECONOMICS
OUTSTANDING VOICE CAPABILITY

CONSUMERS DO NOT CARE ABOUT

TECHNOLOGY- THEY JUST WANT TO ENJOY
UNLIMITED COMMUNICATION