Interleave Division Multiple Access JK CONFERENCE

Interleave Division Multiple Access for
Wireless Communication
Manoj Kr. Shukla

Research Scholar
V.K. Srivastava
Reader
Sudarshan Tiwari
Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology,
Allahabad
Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
IDMA and Multiuser Detection
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
Dept. of Electronics & Co
mmunication Engineering
Introduction to IDMA
It is a multiple access technique in

which interleavers are employed to
distinguish the users.

Generations of Cellular Systems

G1
: in 1980s , Analog , Vehicle Sets , Voice

only , Incompatible standards
G2
: in 1990s , Digital , Hand Sets , Voice +Low

Data Rates , Few Global standards
G3
: in 2000s , High Data Rates , 3 Global

standards , {Designed but fully Commercially
Implemented}
G4: is being Designed
Basics of Cellular communications

Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
Multiple Access - FDMA
First generation cellular system was supported by

FDMA.
2M channels allocation each with W bandwidth.
Half the channel : mobile unit to base station
Other half channels are used for reception.
user is assigned two channels f and (f+)
where is spacing between reverse and forward

channels and M is the user number.
Multiple Access - TDMA

Frame
duration subdivided into non-overlapping

subintervals.
Each
user assigned a particular time

slot within each frame.
Inefficient
Problem
in case of bursty traffic
of synchronization
Multiple Access - CDMA

Transmitted
signal occupies bandwidth much larger than

the original signal
Bandwidth
spreaded by means
of a PN code
Receiver
uses same PN code to

recover data (synchronization)
Each
user allotted unique signature sequence
Minimizes
Crosstalk

10
CDMA in Different Standards

G1:
No CDMA {Only FDMA}

G2: IS-95 System
CDMA
GSM,IS-54,PDC*
FDMA/TDMA
G3: WCDMA & CDMA2000
CDMA
UWC**-136
FDMA/TDMA
G4: Proposals for various Spread
Spectrum methods ,other than DS-CDMA !
*Personal Digital Cellular

**Universal Wireless Comm.mmunication Engineering
11
Limitations of previous multiple access

techniques
FDMA - inefficient because much of time one or

both the channels, are idle.
TDMA - inefficient in case of bursty traffic and

problem of synchronization
CDMA - mainly limited by multiple access

interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI).
Practical CDMA reduces processing gain with

more users per sector
12
Some Requirements for Future

Wireless Systems
low
receiver cost
de-centralized (i.e., asynchronous) control,
simple treatment of ISI,
cross-cell interference mitigation,
diversity against fading,
power efficiency (long battery life),
multi-media services (e.g., mixed voice and IP),
high user number,
high throughput and high spectral efficiency,
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
13
Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
14
Evolution of IDMA
A conventional
CDMA system requires separate

coding and spreading operations.
Verdu
and Viterbi [2]* has shown that the

optimum multiple channel capacity (MAC) is
achievable only when entire bandwidth is
devoted to coding.
This suggests combining the coding and
spreading operations using low-rate codes to
maximize coding gain.
*S. Verd and S. Shamai, Spectral efficiency of

CDMA with random spreading, IEEE Trans. Inform.
Dept. of Electronics & Theory,

Co vol. 45, pp. 622640, Mar. 1999 15
Evolution of IDMA..
Possible Solution for User Separation
Narrow band coded-modulation scheme using
trellis code structures [4]
To employ
chip-level interleavers [3][4][5][6]
Improvement in CDMA scheme by assigning

different interleavers to different users [5]*[6]**
*A. Tarable,et al, Analysis and design of interleavers for CDMA systems, IEEE Commun.
Lett., vol. 5,, Oct. 2001.
**S. Brck, U. Sorger, S. Gligorevic, and N. Stolte, Interleaving for outer convolutional
codes in DSCDMA Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun.,July 2000.

16
Conventional CDMA Transmitter and an Iterative MUD Receiver

User 1
Encoder (C)
Interleaver
Spreader 1
Multiple
MultipleAccess
Access
Multipath
Multipath
Channel
Channel
User K
Encoder (C)
Interleaver
Spreader K
Deinterleaver
Decoder
User1
Interleaver
Turbo Processor
Deinterleaver
User K
Decoder
Elementary
Multi-User
Detector
(EMUD)
Correlator
Bank
Interleaver
17
IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures

User 1
Encoder (C)
Spreader
Interleaver 1
Multiple
MultipleAccess
Access
Multipath
Multipath
Channel
Channel
CODER
User K
User 1
Encoder (C)
Spreader
Interleaver K
r(j)
Decoder
(DEC)
Deinterleaver 1
Interleaver 1
Turbo
Processor
Decoder
User K (DEC)
eESE (x1 (j))

eDEC (x1 (j))
eESE (xK (j))
Deinterleaver K
Interleaver K
Elementary
Signal
Estimator
(ESE)
eDEC (xK (j))

18
Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
19
Transmitter Structure for IDMA
The coder block of a low-rate code C is employed to produce a

(K )
coded sequence = {c j , j=1, 2, ..J}, where J is the frame length,
(K )
(K )
followed by a chip level interleaver that maps to c ( K ) to x ={x
, j=1, 2, ..J}.
basic elements referred as chips.
Coder block can be either the same or different for different

users such as FEC code or a spreading sequence or a
combination of the two [8]*.
*Li Ping, L. Liu, K. Y. Wu, and W. K. Leung, A unified approach to multi-user
detection and space time coding with low complexity and nearly optimal
of Electronics
CoOct.
performance, in Proc. 40th AllertonDept.
Conference,
Allerton House, &
USA,
2002
20
Transmitter Structure
From
performance point of view, low-rate FEC

code [9]*[10]** provide an extra coding gain.
the
interleavers {
individual users.
BPSK
(K )
} should be different for
signaling is assumed for analysis.
*R. H. Mahadevappa and J. G. Proakis, Mitigating multiple access interference and intersymbol
Interference in uncoded CDMA Systems with chip level interleaving, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun,
Oct. 2002.
**L. Liu, W. K. Leung, and Li Ping, Simple chip-by-chip multi-user detection for CDMA systems, in Proc.
IEEE VTC-Spring, Korea, Apr. 2003,

21
IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures

User 1
Encoder (C)
Spreader
Interleaver 1
Multiple
MultipleAccess
Access
Multipath
Multipath
Channel
Channel
CODER
User K
User 1
Encoder (C)
Spreader
Interleaver K
r(j)
Decoder
(DEC)
Deinterleaver 1
Interleaver 1
Turbo
Processor
Decoder
User K (DEC)
eESE (x1 (j))

eDEC (x1 (j))
eESE (xK (j))
Deinterleaver K
Interleaver K
Elementary
Signal
Estimator
(ESE)
eDEC (xK (j))

22
Receiver Structure
After
sampling at chip rate, the received

signal from K users can be written as
K
rj hk xk ( j ) n( j )
k 1
where j = 1, 2, , J, and xk ( j ) is the jth chip

transmitted by the Kth user,{ hk } the channel
coefficient for the Kth user and { n( j )} samples
of a zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) with variance =N0/2.
23
Elementary Signal Estimator (ESE)

The
receiver consists of Elementary Signal

Estimator (ESE) and an a posteriori probability
(APP) decoder (DEC).
The
ESE exchanges information with the DEC

in a turbo-type manner [11]*. The
DEC also
K
producesK hard decisions { d rx } on information
bits { d } in the final iteration.
The
ESE generates coarse estimates of

{
, j = 1,, J, K = 1,..k,.., K}.
*C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, Near Shannon limit error correcting coding
xK ( j )
and decoding: Turbo-codes,IEEE Trans. Commun., Oct. 1996.

24
ESE
The output of the ESE is defined by the logarithm

likelihood ratio (LLR)
p ( rj | xK ( j ) 1, h )
{eESE ( xK ( j ))} log
p ( rj | xK ( j ) 1, h )
K , j
The DEC consists of K local APP decoders. The kth

local APP decoder performs an APP decoding of Coder
for the kth user using , after appropriate deinterleaving,
as its input. Its output is the so-called extrinsic LLR [11] .

25
LLR generation from decoder (DEC)
The LLR output of decoder block represented

by,
pr ( xK ( j ) 1| eECE ( xK ( j )), Coder )
{eDEC ( xK ( j ))} log
eECE ( xK ( j ))
pr ( xK ( j ) 1| eECE ( xK ( j )), Coder )
K , j

26
IDMA in detection
Two modes of detection
Single
Path Detection
Multi-path
Detection

27
Single Path Detection

28
Single Path Detection
The received signal, rewritten as
r ( j ) hk xk ( j ) ( j )
where
k ( j)
k ' k
k'
xk ' ( j ) n( j )
= distortion (including interference-plus-noise) contained in

signal with respect to user-k.
k ( jreceived
)
As
approximated as Gaussian, so
can be estimated
provided
are available.
( j )as mean and variance of
xk ( j )
k ( j)

29
Chip-by-Chip Detection
Step
1. Chip-level path model:

K
rj hk xk ( j ) n( j )
k 1
Step
2. Gaussian approximation:
rj hk xk ( j ) k ( j )
Gaussian
r ( j ) E ( k ( j ))
Estimation: eESE ( xk ( j )) 2hk .
Var ( k ( j ))
30
Analysis of the Chip-by-Chip Algorithm
eESE ( xk ( j))

31
Flowchart for decoding algorithm

Initialize and
Set iterations, User No.,
eDEC= 0
User selection
Calculate eESE
Decoding at
output
Calculate SNR
Stop
Calculate
No
eDEC
If iteration=0
No
Yes
Yes
If User =0

32
IDMA in detection
Two modes of detection
Single
Path Channel
Multi-path
Multipath Channel

33
Multipath Detection

34
ESE function for Multi-Path Channel

For
quasi-static multi-path fading channel with

memory length L-1
j 1,...J L 1
r ( j l ) hk ,l xk ( j ) k ,l ( j )
Main
Operation
E (r ( j )) hk ,l E ( xk ' ( j l ))
k ,l
Var (r ( j )) hk ,l Var ( xk ( j l )) 2
2
k ,l
E ( k ,l ( j )) E (r ( j l )) hk ,l E ( xk ( j ))
2
Var ( k ,l ( j )) Var ( r ( j l )) hk ,l Var ( xk ( j ))

35
LLR generation and Combining

The
LLR is,
eESE ( xk ( j ))l 2hk ,l
r ( j l ) E ( k ,l ( j ))
Var ( k ,l ( j ))
L 1
eESE ( xk ( j )) eESE ( xk ( j ))l

l 0

36
Comparison with various no. of users

37
Comparison of for various iteration

m=1024, sl=16
comparison graphs with several iterations
10
-1
Bit Error Rate
10
-2
10
-3
it=15
it=5
it=4
it=3
it=2
it=1
10
-4
10
-5
10
Eb/No

10
38
Advantages of IDMA
IDMA inherits many advantage over CDMA, in particular, diversity

against fading and mitigation of worst-case other-cell interference
problem.
Also, it offers simple chip-by-chip iterative multiuser detection

(MUD) strategy.
Costs only seven multiplications, five additions per coded bit per
user, independent of no. of user
Low receiver cost
Long battery life

39
Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
40
Trends in IDMA
Signaling schemes in multipath fading channels
Optimum coding Technique
Variation in Interleaver design
Power Control Algorithms
Application in Ultra Wideband System (UWB)

System
Implementation of IDMA in 4th Generation Bearer

services
41
Signaling schemes in multipath fading

channels
Ping
[13]* has used BPSK and QPSK

schemes.
Benefit
including low-cost MUD for system

for large users, high spectral efficiency and
near limit performance, has been observed.
Optimum
explored.
Signaling schemes has to be
*L. Ping, Interleave division Multiple-Access, IEEE Trans. On Wireless

Comm, 2006

42

Performance with simple convolutional/ repetition codes
In
[13]*, Li Ping shows improvement in

performance with convolutional/ repetition
codes in AWGN channel.
Overall
throughputs of 3 bits/chip with one

receive antenna and 6 bits/chip with two
receive antennas are observed for
systems with about 100 users.
*L. Ping, Interleave division Multiple-Access, IEEE Trans. On Wireless

Comm, 2006

43

Performance with Space time codes
Papers [18][19]* show Nx1 antenna system with low

receiver complexity and better performance in multiuser
environment.
By increasing N from 2 to 16, substantial gain of 13 dB
observed at BER=10-4
Additive
Noise
Interleaver 1
User
FEC
Spreader
Interleaver n
Channel
Coeff.
h
Interleaver N
IDM-ST ENCODER
*W. K. Leung, et alA simple unified approach to nearly-optimal detection and
space-time coding, in Proc. ITW02
44
Variation in Interleaver Design

Random
interleaver generates the

need of higher memory requirement
[13] which may be minimized using
master interleaver[12]*.
User Interleaver = ( master interleaver ) n

where n = user number
*H. Wu, L.Ping and A. Perotti, User-specific chip-level interleaver design for IDMA System,
IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol.42, No.4, Feb2006

45
Memory Requirement of Interleavers

Usage
of large memory (n x Chip length)

Remedy- Power Interleaver method
Master Random interleaver-
k
k =
1
For 1st user

(c) = (c)
For 2nd user 2 (c) = ( (c))
For nth user n-times repetition
46
Simulation of IDMA using Power

Interleaver method
n=24 m=1024 it=20 sl=16
10
with random interleaver

with master random interleaver
-1
10
-2
Bit Error Rate
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
5
6
Eb/No(dB)

10
47
Power Control Algorithms

Closed
Loop and Open Loop Power Control

Algorithm
IDMA with
equal power level for each user

results in 1bit/chip in AWGN channel [22]*.
[15]**
shows optimized algorithm with

improvement of 8bits/chip with open loop power
control in AWGN channel.
*Li Ping, L. Liu, K. Y. Wu, and W. K. Leung, Approaching the capacity of multiple
access channels using interleaved low-rate codes, IEEE Comm. Lett., 2004
**Li Ping and Lihai Liu, Analysis and design for IDMA systems based on SNR
evolution and power allocation, in Proc. IEEE VTC,2004 Fall.

48
Application in Ultra Wideband System

(UWB) System
Multicarrier IDMA scheme (MC-IDMA) for uplink UWB transmission
[23]*
Exhibits single user performance even in over-loaded conditions with
suppressed MAI.
*K. Yang, X.Wang, A multicarrier chip-interleaved multiuser UWB system,

in Proc.ICASSP,05, pp. 325-328, 2005.

49
Implementation of IDMA in 4th

Generation Bearer services
H. Schoeneich has explored application of IDMA in 4 th

Generation Bearer services [20]*.
A novel adaptive modulation scheme based on IDMA in

conjunction with reliability estimation is proposed.
With IDMA, low complexity and better power efficiency is

reported.
*H.Schoeneich, P. Hoeher, Adaptive Interleave-Division Multiple Access- A

Potential Air Interface for 4G Bearer Services and Wireless LANs, in
Proc. WOCN04, Musket , Oman, June 2004.

50
Outline
Introduction
to IDMA
Motivation
Evolution
of IDMA
Trends in IDMA
Conclusion
51
Conclusion
Presented
different multiple access

systems and related limitations
Briefly
introduced IDMA System
Discussed
issues and reported solutions

52
THANKS

53
References
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4.
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A. Tarable, G. Montorsi, and S. Benedetto, Analysis and

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Interleaving for outer convolutional codes in DSCDMA
Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 48, pp. 11001107,
July 2000.
X. Wang and H. V. Poor, Iterative (turbo) soft interference
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approach to multi-user detection and space time coding
with low complexity and nearly optimal performance, in
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2002, pp. 170179

55
9.
10.
11.
12.
R. H. Mahadevappa and J. G. Proakis, Mitigating multiple access

interference and intersymbol Interference in uncoded CDMA
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Commun., vol. 1, pp. 781792, Oct. 2002.
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detection for CDMA systems, in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, Korea,
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C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, Near Shannon limit error correcting
coding and decoding: Turbo-codes,IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.
44, pp. 12611271, Oct. 1996.
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design for IDMA System, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol.42, No.4,
Feb2006
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Li Ping, Lihai Liu, Keying Wu, W. Leung,Interleave Division

Multiple AccessIEEE Transactions On Wireless
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based on SNR evolution and power allocation, in Proc. IEEE
VTC04 Fall.
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the spectral efficiency of coded CDMA under successive
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approach to nearly-optimal detection and space-time
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low-rate codes, IEEE Comm. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 46, Jan.
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UWB system, in Proc.ICASSP,05, pp. III325-328.
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Interleave Division Multiple Access for

Manoj Kr. Shukla

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,

It is a multiple access technique in

Dept. of Electronics & Co

Generations of Cellular Systems

: in 1980s , Analog , Vehicle Sets , Voice

: in 1990s , Digital , Hand Sets , Voice +Low

: in 2000s , High Data Rates , 3 Global

Basics of Cellular communications

Dept. of Electronics & Co

Multiple Access - FDMA

First generation cellular system was supported by

2M channels allocation each with W bandwidth.

Half the channel : mobile unit to base station

Other half channels are used for reception.

user is assigned two channels f and (f+)

where is spacing between reverse and forward

Multiple Access - TDMA

duration subdivided into non-overlapping

user assigned a particular time

in case of bursty traffic

Multiple Access - CDMA

signal occupies bandwidth much larger than

uses same PN code to

user allotted unique signature sequence

Dept. of Electronics & Co

CDMA in Different Standards

No CDMA {Only FDMA}

Dept. of Electronics & Co

Limitations of previous multiple access

FDMA - inefficient because much of time one or

TDMA - inefficient in case of bursty traffic and

CDMA - mainly limited by multiple access

Practical CDMA reduces processing gain with

Some Requirements for Future

CDMA system requires separate

and Viterbi [2]* has shown that the

*S. Verd and S. Shamai, Spectral efficiency of

Dept. of Electronics & Theory,

chip-level interleavers [3][4][5][6]

Improvement in CDMA scheme by assigning

Dept. of Electronics & Co

Conventional CDMA Transmitter and an Iterative MUD Receiver

IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures

eESE (x1 (j))

eDEC (xK (j))

Dept. of Electronics & Co

Transmitter Structure for IDMA

The coder block of a low-rate code C is employed to produce a

basic elements referred as chips.

Coder block can be either the same or different for different

performance point of view, low-rate FEC

} should be different for

signaling is assumed for analysis.

Dept. of Electronics & Co

IDMA Transmitter and Receiver structures

eESE (x1 (j))

eDEC (xK (j))

Dept. of Electronics & Co

sampling at chip rate, the received

where j = 1, 2, , J, and xk ( j ) is the jth chip

Elementary Signal Estimator (ESE)

receiver consists of Elementary Signal