Why IPv6

Internet Protocol
Transports a datagram from source host to destination,
possibly via several intermediate nodes (routers)

Service is:
Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery
Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery failure
not necessarily reported
Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently

What is an IP address?
Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified
at the IP layer with an address.
An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location
of a host or client on the Internet.
The IP address is also known as Protocol address
The IPv4 address is 32 bits long
The IPv6 address is 128 bit long

Problems of IPv4
Addressing problem
Routing Crisis
End to End problem
Security
Mobility
Performance
Cost

Address Crisis
IPv4 has 32 bit addresses.
Initially classful addressing scheme
Classless scheme
Natting
More Natting(444)
Addresses exhausted a week back.
(As per the info. available on http://www.ipv6forum.com)

IPv4 is victim of its own success.

05/10/16

The NAT Problem

The Internet

61.100.0.0/16

ISP

61.100.32.128
61.100.32.0/25

61.100.32.1

..2

..3

..4

10.0.0.1

..2
..3
..4
*AKA home router, ICS, firewall

The NAT Problem

Phone
Network

Internet

NAT

PABX

61.100.32.128

10 4567 9876

?
10.0.0.1

Extn 10

NAT Problems

Breaks globally unique address model

Breaks address stability
Breaks always-on model
Breaks peer-to-peer model
Breaks some applications
Breaks some security protocols
Breaks some QoS functions
Introduces a false sense of security
Introduces hidden costs
Limits Multimedia and Interactive Internet
Extensibility of VPNs, encryption and security
VoIP simply does not work in many cases with NATs
NAT inhibits many forms of innovative network use

05/10/16

Routing Crisis

Ballooning default routing tables

RIB ( Routing Information Base)
Route Aggregation
Route Scalability

05/10/16

Routing Table Explosion

IP does not permit route aggregation
(limited supernetting possible with new routers)

Number of networks is increasing very fast

(number of routes to be advertised goes up)

Very high routing overhead

lot more memory needed for routing table
lot more bandwidth to pass routing information
lot more processing needed to compute routes
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End to End problem

Transparency
NATing
End to end interoperability

Natting

Mobility
Mobile IP permits users to remail
connected across wireline or wireless
network while raoming between
networks.

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13

Security Problem

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IPv6 Features
Larger address space
2. Global reachability
3. Flexibility
4. Auto-configuration
5. Aggregation
6. Multi-homing
7. Efficient Routing
8. Scalability
9. Easy Mobility
10. Better security
1.

IPv6 Addressing
2128
6.5 Billion
6.5 Billion people on earth

52 Trillion Trillion
IPv6 addresses per person

52 Trillion Trillion
523 Quadrillion (523 thousand Trillion )
100 Billion
Typical brain has
~100 Billion cells
(your count may vary)

05/10/16

IPv6 addresses for every

human brain cell on the planet
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Global Reachability
From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
Global reachability:
No hidden networks, hosts
All hosts can be reachable and be "servers"

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Flexibility
From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
Flexibility

18

Auto-Configuration
"Plug and play"
By autoconfiguration

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Address Autoconfiguration
One of the most useful aspects of IPv6 is its ability
to automatically configure itself, even without
the use of a stateful address autoconfiguration
protocol such as DHCPv6
Types of autoconfiguration:
Stateless
Stateful

---------------------------------------------------------------

Aggregation
Aggregation

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Larger Address Space

Aggregation

ALTTC/ BB Faculty

22

Multihoming

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Efficient Routing

05/10/16

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Scalability

05/10/16

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Easy Mobility

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Mobile IPv4 protocol

overview

Home Agent
Foreign Agent

178.24.9.36

correspondent node

Mobile IPv4 protocol

overview
Data
Correspondent
Node

Internet

Home Address
Home
Network

Home Agent

Tunnel

Address Registration

Foreign
Network
Foreign Agent

Mobile
Node

Mobile IPv6 System

Correspondent
Node
Data

Address
Binding

Internet
Data
Router
Advertisement

Home Address
Home
Network

Data

Address Registration
Home Agent

Foreign
Network

Mobile
Node

Care-of
Address

Mobile IPv6 Handover

Correspondent
Node

Care-of Test
Internet

Home Agent

Foreign
Correspondent
Network 1
Binding Update

Care-of
Address
1

Router
Advertisemen
t

Home Address
Home
Network

Mobile
Node

Home Test
Home Binding
Update/Acknowledgmen
t

Foreign
Network 2

Care-of
Duplicate Address Mobile Address
2

Detection

Node

Mobile IP Tunneling

Across Internet

CS 640

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End to End Security

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Better Security

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Better Security
Although a standard now exists for providing security
for IPv4 packets (IPSec), this standard is optional
for IPv4 and proprietary security solutions are
prevalent.,, In IPv6 IPSec is mandatory

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Thanks

05/10/16

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