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E hf h
p
c
c
mv
Same
constant as
h
hc
before
p
2 mc 2 E kinetic
kinetic energy
rest energy
Phy107 Fall 2006
Wavelength of eV electrons
For an electron,
constant
1240 eV nm
2 0.511 MeV
1
1.23 eV 1/ 2 nm
E kinetic
E kinetic
rest energy
1 eV electron,
10 eV electron
100 eV electron
kinetic energy
=1.23 nm
=0.39 nm
=0.12 nm
Phy107 Fall 2006
constant
1240 eV nm
1
88 eV 1/ 2 nm
2 m0 MeV 100eV
m0 MeV
rest energy
kinetic energy
Reflection from
top plane
side view
Davisson-Germer
experiment
Diffraction of
electrons from a
nickel single crystal.
Established that
electrons are waves
Bright spot:
constructive
interference
Davisson:
Nobel Prize
1937
54eV
electrons
(=0.17nm)
Particle interference
Used this interference idea to to learn about the structure of matter
1240 eV nm 1
2 m 0 MeV KE
10 GeV electrons:
10 GeV protons:
p
x
Example:
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Qu ic kT
ime
an d
a
TIFF
( LZ W)
d ec o mp re s s o r
a re
ne e de d
to
see
th is
pic tu re.
Constructive
interference
Large
amplitude
Destructive
interference
Small
amplitude
Phy107 Fall 2006
Constructive
interference
Large
amplitude
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440 Hz +
439 Hz +
438 Hz
440
439
438
437
436
Phy107 Fall 2006
Hz +
Hz +
Hz +
Hz +
Hz
12
Spatial extent
of localized sound wave
8
4
0
-4
-8
x
-15
-10
-5
0
J
10
15
13
14
Interpreting
8
4
0
-4
-8
-15
-10
-5
0
J
10
15
15
Plancks
constant
x p ~ h/2
h
where h
is pronounced h-bar
2
16
x v ~ h/2m
This says that the uncertainty is small for massive objects,
but becomes important for very light objects, such as
electrons.
17
18
19
electrons
nucleus
20
Hydrogen: 1 electron
Helium:
2 electrons
Copper: 29 electrons
Uranium: 92 electrons!
Organized into periodic table of elements
Phy107 Fall 2006
21
Elements in same
column have similar
chemical properties
22
23
600 nm
500 nm
700 nm
Hydrogen
Mercury
Wavelength (nm)
Phy107 Fall 2006
24
n=4
n=3
1
1
1
R H 2 2
2
m
n
n = 4, = 486.1 nm
n = 3, = 656.3 nm
Hydrogen
Phy107 Fall 2006
25
Hydrogen emission
This says hydrogen emits only
photons of a particular wavelength, frequency
Photon energy = hf,
so this means a particular energy.
Conservation of energy:
Energy carried away by photon is lost by the
orbiting electron.
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Einitial
Efinal
Photon
Stable orbit #2
Stable orbit #1
Phy107 Fall 2006
27
Energy levels
Instead of drawing orbits, we can just indicate the energy
an electron would have if it were in that orbit.
n=4
n=3
E3
13.6
eV
32
n=2
E2
13.6
eV
22
E1
13.6
eV
12
Energy axis
Zero energy
n=1
Energy quantized!
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28
n=4
n=3
13.6
E 3 2 eV
3
n=2
13.6
E 2 2 eV
2
Photon
emitted
hf=E2-E1
n=1
n=4
n=3
E3
13.6
eV
32
n=2
E2
13.6
eV
22
E1
13.6
eV
12
Photon
absorbed
hf=E2-E1
E1
13.6
eV
12
n=1
A. 10.2 eV
B. 3.4 eV
C. 1.7 eV
30
31
13.6 13.6
2 2 1.89 eV
3 2
Emitted wavelength
E photon
hc
hc
1240 eV nm
hf ,
656 nm
E photon
1.89 eV
Phy107 Fall 2006
32
Spectral Question
Compare the wavelength of a photon produced from
a transition from n=3 to n=1 with that of a photon
produced from a transition n=2 to n=1.
A.31 < 21
n=3
n=2
B.31 = 21
C. 31 > 21
so
31 < 21
n=1
Phy107 Fall 2006
33
But why?
Why should only certain orbits be stable?
Bohr had a complicated argument based on
correspondence principle
That quantum mechanics must agree with classical
results when appropriate (high energies, large sizes)
34