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Dr. Senthilmurugan S.

Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Guwahati

CL 204 Examples
Internal Forced Convection & Natural Convection

Flow of Oil in a Pipeline through a lake

Example: 1
QUESTION: Consider the flow of oil at 20 C in a 30 cm-diameter pipe at an average velocity of 2
m/s. A 200 m long section of the horizontal pipeline passes through icy waters of lake at 0 C.
Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is nearly 0 C. Disregarding the
thermal resistance of the pipe material, determine a) temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the
lake b) the rate of heat transfer from the oil c) the pumping power required to overcome the pressure
losses and to maintain the flow of the oil in the pipe.

5/12/16 | Slide 2

Heating of water by resistance heaters


Example 2
QUESTION: Water is to be heated from 15 C to 65 C as it flows through a 3-cm-internal diameter 5m-long tube (See fig). The tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater that provides uniform
heating throughout the surface of the tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in
steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the water in the tube. If the
system is to provide hot water at a rate of 10 L/min, determine the power rating of the resistance heater.
Also, estimate the inner surface temperature of the tube at the exit.
SOLUTION: Water is to be heated in a tube equipped with an electric resistance heater on its surface.
The power rating of the heater and the inner surface temperature at the exit are to be determined.

5/12/16 | Slide 3

Internal Forced Convection


Example 3 (Pipe Insulation for Thermal Burn Prevention)

A 10-m-long metal pipe (kpipe= 15 W/mK) has an inner diameter of 5 cm and an outer diameter
of 6 cm is used for transporting hot saturated water vapor at a flow rate of 0.05 kg/s (See Fig.
below). The water vapor enters and exits the pipe at 350C and 290C, respectively. In order to
prevent thermal burn on individuals working in the vicinity of the pipe, the pipe is covered with a
2.25-cm thick layer of insulation (kins=0.95 W/mK) to ensure that the outer surface temperature
Ts,o is below 45C. Determine whether or not the thickness of the insulation is sufficient to
alleviate the risk of thermal burn hazards.

5/12/16 | Slide 4

5/12/16 | Slide 5

HEAT TRANSFER IN THE TRANSITION REGION

Example 4
Ethylene glycol-distilled water mixture with a mass fraction of 0.6 and a,flow rate of 2.6 X 10 -4
m3/s flows inside a tube with an inside diameter of 0.0158 m subjected to uniform wall heat
flux. For this flow, determine the Nusselt number at the location ( x/D = 90) if the inlet
configuration of the tube is: (a) re-entrant, (b) square-edged, and (c) bell-mouth. At this
location, the local Grashof number is Gr = 51,770. The properties of ethylene glycol distilled
water mixture at the location of interest are Pr = 29.2, v=3.12 X10-6 m2/s and mb /ms = 1.77.

5/12/16 | Slide 6

HEAT TRANSFER IN THE TRANSITION REGION


Example 4 (contd.)
TABLE
Constants for transition heat transfer correlation
Inlet Geometry

Re-entrant

1766

276

0.955

Square-edged

2617

207

0.950

Bell-mouth

6628

237

0.980

5/12/16 | Slide 7

Heat Loss from Hot-Water Pipes


EXAMPLE 5

A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot-water pipe shown in Fig below


passes through a large room whose temperature is 208C. If the outer surface
temperature of the pipe is 708C, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by
natural convection.

5/12/16 | Slide 8

Cooling of a Plate in Different Orientations


Example 6

Consider a 0.6-m 3 0.6-m thin square plate in a room at 308C. One side of the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 908C, while the other side is insulated, as shown in Fig below.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the plate is (a)
vertical, (b) horizontal with hot surface facing up, and (c) horizontal with hot surface facing
down.

5/12/16 | Slide 9

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