2.OWA310005 GSM&UMTS Softswitch Core Network Principle ISSUE 3.2

GSM/UMTS Soft
Switch Core Network

Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the soft switch core network structure
Describe the soft switch core network working principle
Describe the soft switch core network technical

features
Page2
Contents
1.
Soft Switch Core Network Structure
2.
Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle
3.
Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Advantages
Page3
Contents
1.
2.
3.

Advantages
Page4
Raise of Soft Switch Core

Network
3GPP R99
3GPP R4
3GPP R5
GSMCS
GPRSPS
CS
Softswitch
PS
CS
Softswitch
PS
IMS
CN
is composed
of CS domain and PS
domain
Adopt
WCDMA
UTRAN
Iu interface
between RAN and
CN is based on ATM
CS
domain
change: control is
separated from
bearer
Adopt
IP
Packet
voice
supported by CS
domain, supporting
ATM, IP, TDM
TrFO
SS7/
SIGTRAN
Page5
IMS domain
UMTS R4 Core Network

Structure
CS
Domain
IP/ATM Backbone
MGW
GSM /GPRS BSS
MGW
PSTN/PLMN
VMSC Server
BSC
GMSC Server
BTS
HLR/AuC
Iu-CS
PCU
SCE
SS7
RNC
NodeB
UTRAN
SCP
SMS
Iu-PS
SGSN
PS
Domain
CG
GPRS
backbone
Internet,
Intranet
GGSN
BG
Other PLMN
Page6
R4 Soft Switch CN Structure

HLR
APP Server
SCE
SCP
SMS
MAP/CAP
SIGTRAN
SS7
UTRAN
VMSC Server
RANAP
BSSAP
AAL2
BSS
TDM
GMSC Server
BICC
H.248
PSTN/ISDN
H.248
TDM
TDM
GSM/R99 PLMN
AMR/RTP(AAL2)
MGW IP(ATM) Backbone MGW
IP
IP Network
Page7
Features of Soft Switch CN
Separated structure of Signalling and Bearer
Multi voice transport modes: TDM, ATM, IP
Multi signalling transport modes:
TDM based SS7;
IP based SIGTRAN
Adopts BICC, H.248 protocol and TrFO technology.
Page8
Function of MSC Server

MSC Server
MSC Server
BICC
H.248
H.248
MGW
MGW
The signalling functions of MSC and VLR functions
The billing function
The control of MGWs via H.248 protocol
The inter-working function of other MSC Server via BICC

protocol
Page9
Function of MGW
MSC Server
MSC Server
BICC
H.248
H.248
MGW
MGW
The switching function of voice service.
The transform of various transport format( TDM/ATM/IP)
Providing the media related resource
Cooperate with MSC server via H.248 protocol
Page10
Function of Signalling Gateway
PSTN
ISUP
ISUP
MTP3
M3UA
MTP2
SCTP
MTP1
TDM
SG
MSC Server
IP
IP
Providing the transform of SS7 protocol stack and SIGTRAN protocol

stack (SIGTRAN M3UA /SCTP/IP <=> SS7 MTP3/2/1)
SG can be a stand alone equipment or combined with MSC

Server/MGW/STP
Page11
Contents
1.
2.
3.

Advantages
Page12
Contents
2.

2.1 Equipment Number
2.2 Area Number
2.3 Network Interfaces
2.4 Typical Working Procedures
Page13
MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
National ( Significant ) Mobile Number
MSISDN: Mobile Station International ISDN number
CC: Country Code

NDC: National Destination Code
SN: Subscriber number
Page14
IMSI
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
NMSI
MCC
3 digits
MNC
MSIN
2/3 digits
Not more than 15 digits
MCC: Mobile Country Code
MNC: Mobile Network Code
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identity
Page15
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identify
Function: Taking the place of IMSI to be transferred in radio

interface to ensure the security of subscribers information.
Structure: consists of 4 octets, and the structure and coding

can be chosen by agreement between operator and
manufacturer in order to meet local needs.
Type:
TMSI, used in CS domain, allocated by VLR;
Notes: the TMSI has only local significance (i.e. within a VLR
and the area controlled by a VLR).
Page16
IMEI
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
TAC
8 digits
SNR
SPARE
6 digits
1 digits
The IMEI is composed of the following elements (each

element shall consist of decimal digits only):
Type Allocation Code (TAC). Its length is 8 digits;

Serial Number (SNR) is an individual serial number uniquely
identifying each equipment within each TAC. Its length is 6
digits;
Spare digit: this digit shall be zero, when transmitted by the MS
Page17
MSRN
MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number
Function: to route calls to called MS/UE
Structure: the same as MSISDN
Notes:
The MSRN must not be used for subscriber dialling.
The MSRN normally uses number segment different from that of

MSISDN.
MSRN is allocated by the VLR that the called MS is visiting.
Page18
Contents
2.

2.2 Area Number
Page19
Area Number
PLMN A
PLMN
area
MSC/VLR Location
area
area/
Routing
SGSN
area
area
Service
area
cell
PLMN B
Page20
PLMN Identifier
PLMN Identifier: is used to uniquely identify a

PLMN network in the world.
MCC
MNC
PLMN ID
MCC: Mobile Country Code;
MNC: Mobile Network Code.
Page21
Location Area Identification
By detecting LAI, MS/UE may perform Location Area Update procedure.
The Paging message for idle UE is broadcasted within a LA in CS

domain.
MCC
MNC
LAC
Location Area Identification
MCC: Mobile Country Code
MNC: Mobile Network Code
LAC: Location Area Code, 2 octets, using a full

hexadecimal representation except 0000 and FFFE.
Page22
Service Area Identifier
The Service Area Identifier is used to identify an area consisting

of one or more cells belonging to the same Location Area. Service
Area can be used for indicating the location of a UE to the CN.
MCC
MNC
MNC
LAC
SAC
Service Area Identifier
SAI = LAI + SAC
SAC: Service Area Code, 2 octets, using a full

hexadecimal representation
Page23
Cell Global Identification

MCC
MNC
LAC
CI
Cell Global Identification
CGI, Cell Global Identification, the unique identifier of

a Cell in the PLMN.
CGI = LAI + CI
CI: Cell Identity, is of fixed length with 2 octets and it

can be coded using a full hexadecimal
representation. Cell Identity must be unique within a
location area.
Page24
Contents
2.

2.2 Area Number
Page25
Soft Switch CN Interfaces

HLR
SCE
APP Server
SCP
SMS
MAP/CAP
SIGTRAN
SS7
UTRAN
VMSC Server
RANAP
Iu CS CP
AAL2
Iu UP
BSS
PSTN/ISDN
Nc
BSSAP
TDM
GMSC Server
ISUP
BICC
Mc H.248
H.248
TDM
AMR/RTP(AAL2)
Nb
MGW IP(ATM) Backbone MGW
TDM
GSM/R99 PLMN
IP
IP Network
Page26
Interfaces List
Page27
Interfaces List
Page28
New Interface of Soft Switch

CN
MSC
Server
Nc
Mc
GMSC
Server
Mc
Nb
MGW
RTP
UDP/IP
MGW
AAL2
ATM
Voice
PCM
Page29
Mc Interface
The Mc interface is a standard interface between (G)MSC

server and MGW. The protocol conforms to H.248 protocol
defined by ITU-T and IETF together, and the definition of
H.248 Transaction and Package for special requirement of
3GPP.
This interface enables (G)MSC server to control static and

dynamic resources of various transmission modes
(IP/ATM/TDM) in MGW during call processing.
This interface enables maintenance and management of

MGW independent of the calling
Page30
Context and Termination of

H.248
The entities or objects that can be controlled by the MSC server in
the MGW are described through two concepts Context and

Termination in R4 network connection model.
Termination: One termination means the source or terminal point

for media/control stream in MGW, e.g. time slot, IP address and
ports, VPI/VCI.
Context: One context is the abstract of the association of a group

of terminations. If context includes more than one bearer
termination, the context describes the topological relation between
terminations, media combination and/or switching parameters.
Page31
Nc Interface
Nc interface is the standard interface between (G)MSC

servers. The BICC protocol defined by the ITU-T is
used to provide inter-office call control capability
independent of bearer technology on user plane and
signaling transmission technology on control plane for
UMTS/GSM CS service.
The BICC signaling of Nc interface is downward

compatible with ISUP to support basic call procedures
and supplementary services.
Page32
Nc Interface
The newly added Application Transport Mechanism

(APM) mechanism of BICC enables interaction of
bearer-related information between call control
nodes of Nc interface, such as bearer address,
connection reference, bearer setup mode.
Page33
Main Messages of BICC

Protocol
IAM: initial address message, to transport bearer
setup related information.

APM: Application transport message, to transport
bearer related and siganlling information.

ACM: address complete. The answer of IAM.
ANM: answer message. The receiver pickup the
phone.
REL: release message.
RLC: release complete message.
Page34
Nb Interface
Nb interface between MGW performs the function of bearing

the service flow in the internal R4 core network, and
managing the creation, release, and maintenance of service
flow connection through bearer control signaling.
ATM, IP or TDM can be adopted for Nb interface as the

physical bearer mode.
Nb interface has two protocol planes:
Nb control plane is used to create/release the bearer between

MGW.
Nb user plane is used to transfer the voice over the bearer.
Page35
Contents
2.

2.2 Area Number
Page36
Classification of CS Procedures
Mobility Management procedures:
Location Updating
Authentication and ciphering
Call control procedures
Setup
Release
Service related procedures
Supplementary service
Page37
UE Call UE in Soft Switch CN

HLR
MAP
MAP
MSC Server-O
MSC Server-T
BICC
RANAP
RANAP
RNC-T
RNC-O
AAL2
UE1
H.248
MGW-O
T1
T2
H.248
AMR/RTP
IPBackBone
AAL2
MGW-T
T3
T4
Page38
UE2
UE to CN Message
UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
MGW-O
MGW-T
Server-T
RNC-T
UE2
1.SETUP
2.CALL PROCEEDING
Get MSRN with
interact with HLR
3.IAM
Paging, Authentication
4.SETUP
5.CALL CONFIRM
From
the SETUP to CALL confirm message, the process is
similar to GSM
The
CIC in BICC IAM define a call instance not a circuit.
Page39
Bearer Setup in Network Side

UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
MGW-O
MGW-T
Server-T
RNC-T
UE2
5.CALL CONFIRM (continue

)
6.ADD_req C$ T$
Prepare
bearer ADD_rsp C2, T3
7.APM
8.ADD_req C$ T$
Prepare
bearer ADD_rsp C1, T2
9. Bearer setup process
MSC
Server-T order the MGW-T to allocate bearer resource in network side.

The bearer related information is transferred by APM from MSC Server-T to MSC
Server-O
MSC Server-O order the MGW-O to allocate bearer resource and setup the Nb
interface bearer.
Page40
Setup the Access Side Bearer

of MO
UE1
RNC-O
MGW-O
Server-O
MGW-T
9. Bearer setup process
Server-T
RNC-T
(continue)
10.ADD_req C1 T$
Prepare
ADD_rsp T1 bearer
11.RAB_ASSIGN_req
RAB setup, Iu UP initialization

11b.RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
MSC
Server-O order MGW-O to allocate the access side bearer
resource
MSC
Server-O order RNC-O to setup Radio Access Bearer.
Page41
UE2
Nb UP Initialization
UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
MGW-O
MGW-T
Server-T
RNC-T
11b.RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
(continue)
12.NbUP Init req

NbUP Init ack
NTF_req(T2)
NTF_req(T3)
NTF_rsp(T2)
NTF_rsp(T3)
13. COT
Nb
UP initialization, MGW inform the MSC Server of

initialization event.
MSC
Server-O sent COT( continuity) to MSC Server-T

indicating that the establishment of the bearer is completed.
Page42
UE2
Setup the Access Side Bearer

of MO
UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
(continue)
MGW-O
MGW-T
13. COT
Server-T
RNC-T
UE2
14. ADD_req C2 T$
Prepare
ADD_rsp T4 bearer
15. RAB_ASSIGN_req
RAB setup, Iu UP initialization

RAB_ASSIGN_rsp
16. ALERTING
ACM
ALERTIN
G
MSC
Server-T order MGW-T to allocate the access side bearer

resource
MSC
Server-T order RNC-T to setup Radio Access Bearer.
Page43
Send Tone and Active the

Bearer
UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
MGW-O
MGW-T
ACM
ALERTING
Server-T
RNC-T
UE2
(continue
16.ALERTING
)
17. MOD_req T3
Send
tone
MOD_rsp T3
18.CONNECT
19. MOD_req T4
Active
bearer
MOD_rsp T4
Stop tone MOD_req T3

MOD_rsp T3
20. ANC
MGW-T
send tone to MO
MGW-T
active the bearer to dual direction( sending and
receiving)
Page44
Active the Bearer and Begin to

Talk
UE1
RNC-O
Server-O
MGW-O
MGW-T
Server-T
20. ANC
(continue
)
21. MOD_req T1
Active
MOD_rsp T1 bearer
CONNECT
talking
MGW-O
The
active the bearer
MO and MT begin to talk
Page45
RNC-T
UE2
UE Call UE in Soft Switch CN

HLR
3
4. IAM
7. APM
MO
11
MSC Server
MSC Server
10
12
MGW
MT
13
15
RNC
14
MGW
Page46
RNC
Contents
1.
2.
3.
Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features

and Advantages
Page47
Contents
3.

and Advantages
3.1 Technical Features
3.2 Technical Advantages
Page48
Separation of Control and

Bearer
Circuit Switch Model
R4 Softswitch Model
Charging
Charging
System
System
Management
Management
System
System
Management
Management
System
System
SS7
Call
Control
T
D
M
Line
Card
Charging
Charging
System
System
SS7
H.248/MGCP
Time Slot
Switch
Trunk
Card
T
D
M
Extended
Extended
Service
Service
T
D
M
IP
ATM
MGW
Softswitch
Packet
Network
Page49
H.248/MGCP
T
D
M
IP
ATM
MGW
The Import of IP technology
Advantages of IP packet statistical-multiplexing:
To reduce the times of voice encoding and decoding,

improve voice service quality, and save the construction
cost through packet bearer network.
To effectively utilize the network bandwidth.
To greatly reduce operation cost due to simple

configuration, expansion and easy maintenance of the
network.
To reduce construction cost by sharing the backbone

network and data network.
Page50
Distributed Networking
Large City
HLR
SCE
SCP
MSC
Server
APP Server
SMS
MAP/CAP
MAP/CAP
MSC
Server
BICC
Only Signalling
MGW
RNC
Small City
MGW
RNC
RNC
Small City
MGW
RNC
PSTN GW
Mini
RNC
Small City
signalling
Page51
bearer
Contents
3.

and Advantages
3.1 Technical Features
3.2 Technical Advantages
Page52
Advantage of Large Regional

Network
Flexible networking
Centralize the MSC Server and distribute the MGWs, thus

solve the problem of coverage, capacity.
Easy to expand
Add a new MGW to serve a new area, no need to

allocate SP and modify many data configuration.
Easy to implement new service
Only the MSC Server is needed to be upgraded for new

service.
Page53
Virtual MSC Function
Principle a physical MSC Server is divided into multiple

different logical MSC Server/VLR. Each MSC Server is identified by
a MSC Number and servers as an independent entity logically.
Charging with multi MSC Number Function, subscriber bills will

be normally generated in each local network, as covered by many
MSC Server. At the same time, other NEs office data need no
change.
Roaming Restriction when a physical MSC Server covers

multi local network, roaming restriction will be implemented by
sending right MSC ID to HLR.
Page54
Large Capacity and High Processing

Ability
MSC Server
MSC Server
BICC
H.248
MGW
Packet service bearer

and broadening
bandwidth.
Dealing with signaling,

large capability and
high processing ability
H.248
MGW
The customization and diversity of the service and open service

platform will generate more and more services, and at the same time
set higher requirements for the processing ability of the equipment.
Hierarchical construction and networking require more centralized

construction of the equipment, and this bring out the requirement for
construction with large capacity equipment.
Page55
Security of Network
Backup MSC Server
(DPC1,IP2)(DPC2,IP3)
MSC
Server(DPC1,IP1)
MSC
Server(DPC2,IP4)
Dual HOME
Other SP
MGW
MGW
Mini-Flex
RNC
RNC
Dualing Homing
function implement
1+1 or N+1 backup
for MSC Server in
the Signaling layer.
Dual HOME
MGW
MGW
Other SP
Mini-Flex
RNC
RNC
Load-share mode
implement backup
for MGW in the
bearer layer.
Page56
Centralized Maintenance
and Management
NMS
IN
MSC Server
AppServer
HLR
Centralized
Maintenance Center MSC Server
MGW
A Local Network
switch
PSTN
MGW
MGW MGW
B Local Network
MGW
MGW
MGW
O&M
for MSC Server is the key work in core network which centralized maintenance for
network services, control function and signaling processing. While O&M for MGW focus on
hardware data configuration, it even can be done by RAN operators;
Centralized
maintenance for MSC Server can not only reduce operation cost , but also
improve maintenance quality for CN as well as the whole network.
Page57
Summary
Soft switch core network adopts the separated

structure of control and bearer, and owning the
advantages of distributed networking and centralized
maintenance.
Soft switch core network adopts TDM/ATM/IP methods

to transport the voice.
Soft switch core network adopts the traditional TDM

based SS7 mode and IP based SIGTRAN mode to
transport the signalling messages.
Page58
Thank you
www.huawei.com

2.OWA310005 GSM&amp;UMTS Softswitch Core Network Principle ISSUE 3.2

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GSM/UMTS Soft

Switch Core Network

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Describe the soft switch core network structure

Describe the soft switch core network working principle

Describe the soft switch core network technical

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soft Switch Core Network Structure

Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soft Switch Core Network Structure

Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Raise of Soft Switch Core

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

UMTS R4 Core Network

GSM /GPRS BSS

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

R4 Soft Switch CN Structure

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Features of Soft Switch CN

Separated structure of Signalling and Bearer

Multi voice transport modes: TDM, ATM, IP

Multi signalling transport modes:

TDM based SS7;

Adopts BICC, H.248 protocol and TrFO technology.

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Function of MSC Server

The signalling functions of MSC and VLR functions

The billing function

The control of MGWs via H.248 protocol

The inter-working function of other MSC Server via BICC

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The switching function of voice service.

The transform of various transport format( TDM/ATM/IP)

Providing the media related resource

Cooperate with MSC server via H.248 protocol

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Function of Signalling Gateway

Providing the transform of SS7 protocol stack and SIGTRAN protocol

SG can be a stand alone equipment or combined with MSC

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soft Switch Core Network Structure

Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

Soft Switch Core Network Technical Features and

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soft Switch Core Network Working Principle

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

National ( Significant ) Mobile Number

MSISDN: Mobile Station International ISDN number

CC: Country Code

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

MCC: Mobile Country Code

MNC: Mobile Network Code

MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identity

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identify

Function: Taking the place of IMSI to be transferred in radio

Structure: consists of 4 octets, and the structure and coding

2.OWA310005 GSM&UMTS Softswitch Core Network Principle ISSUE 3.2

2.OWA310005 GSM&UMTS Softswitch Core Network Principle ISSUE 3.2