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Meaning
It is a broad term which can really refer to any
discourse on the subject of literature.
It is perhaps most widely used to refer to the
evaluative activity of literary critics or reviewers
who pass judgment on works of literature in
newspapers and magazines.
It is this meaning of literary criticism which
predominates outside academic study, and is
one which is tied closely to its etymology.
Origin
Criticism derives from the Greek word
krinein meaning to judge, and the idea
of evaluation has always been inherent in
the term.
The noun kritikos meaning a judge of
literature has a very long history and was
in use as early as the 4th century B.C.
Literary Criticism
The term literary criticism, however, tends to be
used rather differently within modern academic
circles and while its usage here retains an idea
of judgment, it is often judgment in the sense
of analysis rather than evaluation, e.g., a
descriptive work of literary history- perhaps an
account of how the genre of the novel emergedcould still be termed criticism, even if it did not
seek to assess in any qualitative sense the
literary work under investigation.
Literary Criticism
Literary criticism, in this sense, is
another way of saying literary analysis
and in this sense, it of course remains a
very wide term encompassing an array of
different types of analysis.
Criticism in this academic sense, can of
course involve qualitative evaluation, but it
is important to recognize that it need not
necessarily do so
Russian Formalism
Formalist approach emerged from ithe meetings
and discussions of the Opajaz group in
Petersburg and the Moscow Linguistic Circle.
In 1914 Viktor Shklovsky wrote The
Resurrection of the Word:the manifesto of the
school
They were dissatisfied with the existing positivist
forms of literary studies.
Shklovsky, Eichenbaum,Roman Jakobson
Defamiliarization
The set of differences were found in the
concept of defamiliarization or making
strange.
Art defamiliarizes things that have become
habitual or automatic
Walking is automatically performed and
perceived
A dance is awalk constructed to be felt
Art as Technique
In Art as Technique : form and order can
themselves become powerful automatizing
factors,e.g., literariness of poetic rhythm
will derive from poetic rhythm.
If disordered rhythm becomes a
convention, it would be ineffective as a
device because it will lose the function of
defamiliarization.
Modernism
Modernism
A revolutionary movement in all creative
arts began at the end of the 19 th century
as a result of the traumatic effect of World
War I on Europeans
Modernism in art is characterized by
disorder, fragmentation, patterns of
allusion, symbol, and myth
Examples: Futurism and Formalism
FUTURISM
In the 1920's and 1930's the term Futurism was loosely
used to describe a wide variety of aggressively modern
styles in art and literature
Futurism was the first deliberately organized, selfconscious art movement of the twentieth century. It quickly
spread to France, Germany, Russia and the Americas,
appealing to all who had tired of romanticism, decadence
and sentimentality, desirious of something more vigorous
and robust, something in keeping with the Machine Age.
Speed, noise, machines, transportation, communication,
information...and all the transient impressions of life in the
modern city intoxicated Marinetti and his followers. They
despised tame, bourgeois virtues and tastes, and above
everything else, loathed the cult of the past.
Avante-garde
Avante-garde (French pronunciation: [av ard]) means
"advance guard" or "vanguard".The adjective form is
used in English, to refer to people or works that are
experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art
, culture, and politics.
Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of
what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily
in the cultural realm. The notion of the existence of the
avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of
modernism, as distinct from postmodernism.
New Criticism
When in the 1920s the New Criticism first
emerged in public it was limited to a small
group of professors and students at
Vanderbilt University (Nashville,
Tennessee). In only two decades its
principles, values and proceedings were to
become so pervasive and so much
embedded in the study of literature, that
they were almost equated with the very
nature and essence of the critical art.
Primary Imagination
In Coleridges view, expounded in Biographia
Literaria, a great poem is the product of both the
primary imagination (a superior intuitive power,
similar to the Kantian Vernunft, which conceives
of the oneness of universals, like truth or beauty,
and characterizes the creative poetic genius),
and of the secondary imagination (the faculty,
similar to the Kantian Verstand, possessed by
every human being who intuitively realizes the
oneness of an object or concept).
Secondary Imagination
The secondary imagination dissolves,
disperses, scatters, in order to re-create
[4] the material of the primary imagination;
it represents creation as against vision.
Contextualism
Another important principle which the New
Critics borrowed from Coleridges poetic is
contextualism. The English poet viewed
the poem as a product of the form-creating
man; it had an independent existence,
within the organic system of mutual
relationships among the terms that made
up the context of the poem. Thus the poem
was regarded outside any and all nonpoetic contexts.
I. A. Richards
If the New Critics overlooked the psychological
component in the critical doctrine of the English
critic I. A. Richards, they took over in various
forms his distinction between the symbolic and
the emotive language, as well as that one
between statements (conveyed by science), and
pseudo-statements (conveyed by poetry, which
impresses not through the truth it contains, but
through its structural coherence).
Conservative Ideology.
EliotsTory social and religious views, his
emphasis on the decadent condition of the
current Western world, and his preaching
a return to myth, to a unified sensibility
and wholeness of being, made his
doctrine largely converge with the
Southern Agrarians conservative ideology.