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THEORIES
Chapter 3
Accidents in Construction
Why do accidents happen in construction?
Physical hazards
Environmental hazards
Human factors
No safety regulations or poor ones
Poor communication within, between, and among
various trades working on a job site
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accident causation:
Domino theory
Human factors theory
Accident / incident theory
Epidemiological theory
Systems theory
Combination theory
Behavioral theory
Accident-Proneness Theory
Goals-Freedom-Alertness Theory
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Domino Theory
Herbert W. Heinrich Travelers Insurance
Company
In the late 1920s, studying reports of 75,000
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Domino Theory
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Domino Theory
Two central points:
Injuries are caused by preceding factors
By removing the unsafe act or hazardous condition,
the action of these preceding factors is negated and
the accidents/injuries are prevented.
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Overload
Inappropriate
Activities
Inappropriate
Response
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Overload
Capacity product of such factors as a
Inappropriate Response or
Incompatibility
How a person responds to a given situation
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Inappropriate Activities
Human error can be result of inappropriate
activities.
Examples:
Person who undertakes a task that he / she does not
know how to do.
A person who misjudges the degree of risk
involved in a given task and proceeds on that
misjudgment.
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three categories:
Overload:
Employees working beyond their personal limits and beyond
their capabilities.
Stress, insufficient training and fatigue
Inappropriate response:
Carpenters removing the safeguards to speed up construction.
Inappropriate activities:
Assigning employees to duties for which they are not fully
trained
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Accident/Incident Theory
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4.
5.
safety policy
Responsibility and authority with regard to safety
are not clearly defined
Safety procedures, such as measurement, inspection,
correction, and investigation, are ignored or given
insufficient attention.
Employees do not receive proper orientation
Employees are not given sufficient safety training
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Epidemiological Theory
Epidemiology: Study of causal relationships
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Epidemiological Theory
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Systems Theory
System a group of regularly interacting and interrelated
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Systems Theory
The primary components of the systems model are
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Systems Theory
Factors which should be considered before
job requirements
the workers abilities and limitations
the gain if the task is successfully accomplished
the loss if the task is attempted but fails
the loss if the task is not attempted
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Combination Theory
Often the cause of an accident cannot be
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to change one of the filter. His lifeline held him for 20 minutes.
When he panicked and tried to pull himself up he knocked the
buckle of his safety harness open and fell to the concrete floor,
breaking his neck.
Critical factors:
Absence of supervisor
Inexperience of worker
A conscious decision by the worker to disregard the safety
procedures
A faulty buckling mechanism on the safety harness
An unsafe design (only a knee-high guardrail on the catwalk)
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Behavioral Theory
Referred to as Behavior-based safety
(BBS)
E. Scott Geller Safety Performance
Solutions, Inc., and professor of
psychology
Believes in 7 basic principles of BBS:
1. Use intervention that is focused on employee
behavior.
2. Identify external factors that aid in understanding
and improving employee behavior.
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Behavioral Theory
3. Direct behavior with activator or events antecedent to
the desired behavior, and motivate employees to
behave as desired with incentives and rewards that
follow desired behavior.
4. Focus on the positive consequences that result from
the desired behavior as a way to motivate employees.
5. Apply scientific method to improve attempts at
behavioral interventions.
6. Use theory to integrate information rather than to
limit possibilities.
7. Plan interventions with the feelings and attitudes of
the individual employee in mind.
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Accident-Proneness Theory
Old View
Injuries happen to people who have a genetic
predisposition to being injured
The theory states that there are inherent
Accident-Proneness Theory
A very controversial theory
Many research studies have been conducted
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Accident-Proneness Theory
New View
Recent researchers view accident proneness as
being associated with the propensity of
individuals to take risks or to take chances.
This presents a more positive view for safety,
as behavior can be altered even if the
propensity to take risks cannot.
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2: GOALS-FREEDOMALERTNESS THEORY
(By Kerr)
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Goals-Freedom-Alertness Theory
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Goals-Freedom-Alertness Theory
Workers should have the ability to set
attainable goals.
Workers should have the freedom to pursue
their goals.
This will result in a rich work climate with
alertness and fewer accidents (Workers stay
focused)
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ADJUSTMENT STRESS
THEORY
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accident causation.
A negative work environment is often caused
by stress.
Excessive stress prevents the individual from
focusing on the work.
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