What Is All This Concatenation Stuff Anyway?: Huub Van Helvoort

T1X1.5 presentation T1X1.
5/2002-096
What is all this Concatenation

stuff anyway?
Bandwidth efficiency"
Huub van Helvoort

Member of Technical Staf
Lucent Technologies
email: hhelvoort@lucent.com
Concatenation Tutorial Lucent Technologies 2002
Contents
Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison
Virtual Concatenation
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
Application
Standards
2002 Lucent Technologies
Concatenation Tutorial
Bandwidth
Rate Comparison
Application
Standards
growth
SDH mapping scheme

InitialMultiplexing
More
Contiguous
mapping
Concatenation
x1
STM-256
x1
AUG-256
AU-4-256c
VC-4-256c
C-4-256c
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
x4
x1
STM-64
x1
AUG-64
x4
x1
STM-16
x1
AUG-16
x4
x1
STM-4
x1
AUG-4
x4
x1
STM-1
x1
AUG-1
AU-4
VC-4
x3
x3
x1
STM-0
C-4
x1
TUG-3
TU-3
AU-3
C-3
VC-3
x7
x1
TUG-2
pointer processing
multiplexing
aligning
mapping
VC-3
x7
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
x4
SDH mapping scheme

Contiguous Concatenation (i.e.VC-4-Xc)
provides a payload area of X Container-4, see figure
has one common set of POH, in the first column, used for the whole
VC-4-Xc (e.g. BIP-8 covers all 261 X columns of a VC-4-Xc)
columns #2 to #X are fixed stuff
VC-4-Xc
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
fixed
stuff
C-4-Xc
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
1
125 s
X 260
X-1
X 261
SDH mapping scheme

Contiguous Concatenation
a VC-4-Xc is transported in X contiguous AU-4 in the STM-N signal
the first column of the VC-4-Xc is always located in the first AU-4
the pointer of this first AU-4 indicates the position of the J1 byte of
the VC-4-Xc. The pointers of AU-4 #2 to #X are set to the
concatenation indication to indicate a contiguously concatenated
payload
pointer justification is performed in common for the X concatenated
AU-4s and X 3 stuffing bytes are used.
Bandwidth growth
Rate
Application
Standards
Comparison
Rate Comparison
SDH container size/bit-rates vs. Data bit-rates
SDH - TDM
C-11
C-12
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-4-4c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
1.600 Mbit/s
2.176 Mbit/s
6.784 Mbit/s
49.536 Mbit/s
149.760 Mbit/s
599.040 Mbit/s
2.396 160 Mbit/s
9.584 640 Mbit/s
38.338 560 Mbit/s
Data
10 Mbit/s
25 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s
Ethernet
ATM
Fast Ethernet
ESCON
400 Mbit/s
800 Mbit/s
Fibre Channel
1 Gbit/s
10 Gbit/s
Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gb Ethernet
Rate Comparison
Transport efficiencies
Data
Ethernet
ATM
Fast Ethernet
ESCON
10 Mbit/s
25 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
200 Mbit/s
Fibre Channel
400 Mbit/s
800 Mbit/s
Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gb Ethernet
1 Gbit/s
10 Gbit/s
SDH
Efficiency
C-3
C-3
C-4
C-4-4c
C-4-4c
C-4-16c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
20%
50%
67%
33%
67%
33%
42%
100%
the solution:
Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison
Virtual
Application
Standards
10
10
Concatenation
Why:
to transport contiguous concatenated signals in a network with
NEs that do not support VC-n-Xc
to provide a better bandwidth granularity to transport the new
services with non-SDH bit rates
Prerequisites:
no requirements on existing NEs that transit VC-ns part of a
Virtual Concatenation Group (VCG or VC-n-Xv)
no strict routing constraints for operators by compensating the
differential delay caused by difference in optical path length
11
11
Mapping of C-n-Xc into X VC-n: a VC-n-Xv
1
Xm
C-n-Xc
125 s
9
1
m+1
1
1
m+1
12
12
overhead
overhead
VC-n-Xv
VC-n#X
9
VC-n#1
125 s
125 s
VC-n-Xc transport through a VC-n only network
X VC-n = VC-n-Xv
C-n-Xc
C-n
C-n
C-n-Xc/C-n-Xv
C-n-Xv/C-n-Xc
13
13
C-n-Xc
C-n
Differential delay is caused by:
geographically large ring with VC-ns from the same VC-n-Xv

routed around the ring in different directions, delay is mainly due
to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
Ring
End-to-end traffic
is VC-n-Xv
Y VC-ns
(Y<X)
14
14
(X-Y) VC-ns
networks with diversely routed path protected VC-ns, delay is
mainly due to fiber propagation (~5 s/km)
Y VC-ns
on working path
(X-Y) VC-ns
on Protection path
Working path
Protection
path
Transport
network
End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv

15
15
Provides additional transport sizes:
16
16
container
in steps of
up to
C-11-Xc
C-12-Xc
C-3-Xc
C-4-Xc
1 - 63
1 - 63
1 - 256
1 - 256
1.6 Mbit/s
2.0 Mbit/s
49 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
100.8 Mbit/s
137.1 Mbit/s
12.7 Gbit/s
38.3 Gbit/s
Transport efficiencies
Data
17
Efficiency
Ethernet
ATM
10 Mbit/s
25 Mbit/s
C-12-5c
C-12-12c
92%
98%
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
C-12-46c
C-3-2c
100%
100%
ESCON
200 Mbit/s
C-3-4c
100%
Fibre Channel
400 Mbit/s
800 Mbit/s
C-3-8c
C-4-6c
100%
89%
Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gb Ethernet
1 Gbit/s
10 Gbit/s
C-4-7c
C-4-64c
95%
100%
17
SDH
Operation:
distribute the payload to be transported bytewise over the members
in the VCG
provide byte alignment required for re-alignment after diverse
routing delay compensation
use the alignment indicator of each member to determine the
experienced differential delay
18
18
Virtual Concatenation overhead:
from source (So) to sink (Sk):
Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)
the MFI is used to determine at the Sk the differential delay
and re-align the received data to reconstruct the original
Sequence Indicator (SQ)
at the So each VC-n in the VCG is assigned an unique identifier
to be used at the Sk for reconstruction of the original signal
19
19
Higher order overhead VC-4/3 POH H4
st
H4 Byte
Bit 1
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7
Bit 8
nd
1 multi- 2 multiframe
frame
number number
st
1 multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)

Sequence indicator LSB ( bits 5-8)
15
nd
nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB ( bits 5-8)
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
Reserved ("0000")
10
Reserved ("0000")
11
Reserved ("0000")
12
Reserved ("0000")
13
Sequence indicator SQ MSB ( bits 1-4)
14
Sequence indicator SQ LSB ( bits 5-8)
15
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4)
nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4)
20
20
n-1
n+1
Lower order overhead
Bit number:
2
3
1
BIP-2
REI RFI Signal Label
8
RDI
VC-2/VC-1 POH V5
Bit number:
1 2 3 4
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS
Extended Signal Label
MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

0
Zero
R
Reserved bit
Bit number:
1 2 3 4
Frame Indicator
R
21
1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Sequence Indicator
Reserved bit
21
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation control in K4 bit 2

Benefits:
not restricted to the situation in which all the individual VC-ns are
contained within a single Multiplex Section
operators get the ability to implement channels that are more
appropriate for the new router based applications by providing
bandwidth granularity, right sized capacity, efficient mapping,
traffic scalability and channelized high capacity SDH interfaces
can use protection schemes inherited from SDH per VC-n
is transparent to intermediate network Elements, therefore it can
be cost effectively deployed into an existing network without the
need to upgrade all NEs
22
22
Points for improvement:
if one of the VC-n of a virtual concatenation group VC-n-Xv
fails, the whole VCG fails
data transport can have a variable requirement for bandwidth
regarding the time of the day, or the day of the week
the solution:
LCAS
23
23
Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison
Link
Capacity Adjustment Scheme

(LCAS)
Application
Standards
24
24
LCAS
Features:
located in the virtual concatenation source and sink adaptation
functions only
provides a control mechanism to hitless increase or decrease the
capacity of a VCG link to meet the bandwidth needs of the application
provides the capability of temporarily removing member links that
have experienced a failure
Prerequisites:
LCAS assumes that in cases of capacity initiation, increase or
decrease, the construction or destruction of the end-to-end path of
each individual member is the responsibility of the Network and
Element Management Systems.
25
25
LCAS
Operation:
use virtual concatenation operation for differential delay
compensation and de/re-construction of payload
synchronization of changes in the capacity of the transmitter (So)
and the receiver (Sk) shall be achieved by a control packet
each control packet describes the state of the link during the next
control packet
changes are sent in advance, so that the receiver can switch to the
new configuration as soon as it arrives.
26
26
LCAS
Control packet content, LCAS overhead:
In the forward direction, So to Sk:
Multi Frame Indicator (MFI)
Sequence Indicator (SQ)
Control (CTRL): IDLE - ADD - NORM - EOS - DNU - FIXED
Group Identification (GID)
In the return direction, Sk to So:
Member Status (MST)
Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack)
Note: MST and RS-Ack are identical in the control word of ALL members
of the same VCG
For both directions:

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) over the control packet
27
27
LCAS
Control packet content
information of member_n in VCG_a
MST_a(n)
RS-Ack_a
MFI_a
SQ_n
CTRL_n
GID_a
CRC_x
VCG_a
member_n
MFI_z
SQ_p
CTRL_p
GID_z
CRC_y
MST_z(p)
RS-Ack_z
information sent in control packet x of member_n in VCG_a

28
28
VCG_z
member_p
LCAS
So side
process
State diagram of member(i)

in the Virtual Concatenated
group.
IDLE
START
FIDLE
MADD
RFAIL
ROK
see note 1
ASSIGN
SEQ# > EOS
FADD
ADD
NORM
RFAIL
CEOS
CNORM
FEOS
ROK
MREMOVE
RFAIL
see note 2
F NORM
ROK
RENUMBER
SEQ# > EOS
FEOS
Y
LA S T?
send to
member(i-1)
send to
member(i-1)
CEOS
FDNU
CNORM
LA S T ?
see note 3
RENUMBER
SEQUENCE
DNU
CEOS
CNORM
CEOS
CNORM
send to
member(i-1)
MREMOVE
RFAIL
MREMOVE
ROK
Y
FEOS
CNORM
LAS T?
send to
member(i-1)
CEOS
FIDLE
REMOVE
FNORM
send to
member(i-1)
ROK
RFAIL
FIDLE
29
29
LCAS
Sk side
process
OK
TSF
FIDLE
MREMOVE
TSF
FDNU
FNORM
FADD
FEOS
ROK
RFAIL
FAIL
START
TSF
TSF
MREMOVE
RFAIL
Y
FIDLE?
If the sink detects a change in the

sequence numbers or the size of
the VCG the RRS_ACK bit is inverted.
IDLE
ROK
MADD
30
30
LCAS
Higher order overhead
Bit1
Bit 2
Bit3
H4 byte
Bit 4
Bit 5
MS nibble
31
Bit 6
Bit 7
Bit 8
1 multiframe indicator MFI1
LS nibble (bits 1-4)
st
CRC-8
Member status MST

Member status MST
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
8
9
0
0
0
RS-Ack
Reserved (0000)
Reserved (0000)
Reserved (0000)
Sequence indicator SQ MSBs (bits 1-4)
Sequence indicator SQ LSBs (bits 5-8)
2nd multiframe indicator MFI2 MSBs (bits 1-4)
nd
2 multiframe indicator MFI2 LSBs (bits 5-8)
CTRL
0
0
0
GID
Reserved (0000)
Reserved (0000)
CRC-8
CRC-8
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Member status MST
31
st
1 multiframe
no.
nd
2
multiframe
no.
n+1
LCAS
Lower order overhead
Bit number:
2
3
1
BIP-2
REI RFI
Signal Label
8
RDI
VC-2/VC-1 POH V5
Bit number:
1 2 3 4
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS
Extended Signal Label
MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

0
Zero
R
Reserved bit
Bit number:
1 2 3 4
Frame count
R
32
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
A
G
I
R R R R c
Sequence indicator
CTRL
Member Status
CRC-3
k
D
2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation + LCAS control in K4 bit 2
32
1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1
Reserved bit
LCAS
Add two new members to the VCG

memn-1
NMS
So
ADD
Sk
(EOS SQ=4)
memn+1
memn
Sk
OK
Sk
IDLE
IDLE
FAIL
ADD SQ=5
FAIL
ADD SQ=6
OK
MST=OK
NORM SQ=4
ADD SQ=6
EOS SQ=5
RS-Ack
OK
MST=OK
EOS SQ=6
NORM SQ=5
RS-Ack
33
33
LCAS
Remove one (last) member from the VCG

memn-1
NMS
REMOVE
So
Sk
Sk
(NORM SQ=3)
EOS SQ=3
memn+1
memn
OK
(EOS SQ=4)
IDLE SQ>3
OK
FAIL
RS-Ack
MST=FAIL
REMOVE
IDLE
34
34
Sk
IDLE
LCAS
Remove two members (not last) from the VCG

memn-1
NMS
REMOVE
So
Sk
Sk
(NORM SQ=3)
IDLE SQ>3
OK
memn+1
memn
(NORM SQ=4)
OK
Sk
(EOS SQ=5)
IDLE SQ>3
FAIL
FAIL EOS SQ=3
IDLE
IDLE
MST=FAIL
MST=FAIL
RS-Ack
REMOVE
35
35
OK
LCAS Network failure: temporarily remove a (not last) member from the VCG
memn-1
NMS
So
Sk
(NORM SQ=3)
OK NORM SQ=4
Sk
MST=FAIL
FAILED
memn+1
memn
OK
FAIL
Sk
(EOS SQ=5)
traffic hit
DNU SQ=4
decreased
capacity
OK
MST=OK
CLEAR
36
36
NORM SQ=4
OK
LCAS
Network failure: temporarily remove last member from the VCG

memn-1
NMS
So
Sk
(NORM SQ=3)
OK
memn+1
memn
EOS SQ=4
Sk
OK
FAIL
MST=FAIL
FAILED
traffic hit
EOS SQ=3
DNU SQ=4
decreased
capacity
OK
MST=OK
CLEAR
37
37
NORM SQ=3
EOS SQ=4
Sk
IDLE
Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison
Application
Standards
38
38
Mapping Data
most Data transport is packet based
SDH, SONET and OTN provide fixed rate channels, with virtual
concatenation and LCAS to provide the best match
to map the different types of Data into a fixed rate channel a

new mechanism is defined:
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

i.e. ITU-T recommendation G.7041/Y.1303
GFP is a generic mechanism to carry any packet signal (Ethernet, Fiber
channel, ESCON) over fixed rate channels VC-n, VC-n-Xc, VC-n-Xv and
LCAS providing flexible adjustment of a VC-n-Xv channel
39
39
Generic Framing Procedure
Ethernet
Fibre
Channel
IP/PPP
FICON
ESCON
other client
signals
GFP - Client Specific Aspects

(payload dependent)
GFP - Common Aspects
(payload independent)
SDH/SONET path
40
40
other CBR path
OTN path
Generic Framing Procedure

PLI
PLI
cHEC
cHEC
payload header
GFP payload
4 - 65535
Client
PDU
(FCS)
GFP Frame
00
00
cHEC
cHEC
41
41
Idle Frame
Frame Mapped:
Client frames are mapped into GFP
frames.
Transparent (8B/10B) Mapped:
Individual characters of the client
signal are mapped into fixed-length
GFP frames.
When no frames/characters are
received, idle frames are inserted.
PLI: PDU Length Indicator
PDU: Protocol Data Unit
cHEC: core - Header Error Control
FCS: Frame Check Sequence (optional)
Bandwidth growth
Rate Comparison
Application
Standards
42
42
Standards
ITU-T
Concatenation
G.707 (10/2000)
corr 1, corr 2*, add 1*
G.7042/Y.1305 (11/2001)*
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
G.7041/Y.1303 (11/2001)*
Equipment
G.783 (02/2001)*
Equipment
G.709 (02/2001)
Equipment Management Function
G.798 (11/2001)
43
43
Standards
ANSI
Concatenation, contiguous, virtual

+ LCAS (equipment Specific)
generic LCAS, refers to ITU
generic GFP, refers to ITU
T1.105*
G.7042*
G.7041*
ETSI
Concatenation, contiguous, virtual
44
44
EN 300 417-9-1
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T1X1.5 presentation T1X1.

What is all this Concatenation

Huub van Helvoort

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

2002 Lucent Technologies

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

2002 Lucent Technologies

SDH mapping scheme

SDH mapping scheme

2002 Lucent Technologies

SDH mapping scheme

2002 Lucent Technologies

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

geographically large ring with VC-ns from the same VC-n-Xv

End to end traffic: VC-n-Xv

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

1 multiframe indicator MFI1 (bits 1-4)

2 multiframe indicator MFI2 LSB ( bits 5-8)

Sequence indicator SQ MSB ( bits 1-4)

Sequence indicator SQ LSB ( bits 5-8)

2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4)

2 multiframe indicator MFI2 MSB ( bits 1-4)

2002 Lucent Technologies

REI RFI Signal Label

Extended Signal Label

MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1

2002 Lucent Technologies

2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation control in K4 bit 2

Capacity Adjustment Scheme

2002 Lucent Technologies

2002 Lucent Technologies

For both directions:

information of member_n in VCG_a

information sent in control packet x of member_n in VCG_a

State diagram of member(i)

2002 Lucent Technologies

If the sink detects a change in the

2002 Lucent Technologies

Member status MST

Member status MST

2002 Lucent Technologies

Extended Signal Label

MFAS Multiframe alignment bits

2nd stage: Virtual Concatenation + LCAS control in K4 bit 2

1st stage: Frame Aligment in K4 bit 1

2002 Lucent Technologies

Add two new members to the VCG

2002 Lucent Technologies

Remove one (last) member from the VCG

2002 Lucent Technologies

Remove two members (not last) from the VCG