Mechanical testing Analysis on

Drum stick, Glass fiber Hybrid

Composites

GUIDE : DR.K. SHANMUGA SUNDARAM

K.RAJESH
2012287013
M.E., CAD(P.T.)

CONTENT

Abstract
Introduction
Raw materials of the composites
Specimen Preparation
Testing Methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
2

ABSTRACT
This paper emphasis that the increasing demand
for environmental friendly materials and desire to
reduce the cost of traditional fiber. I am using glass
fiber, drumstick fiber & calcium carbonate in
chopped formation in various combinations to find
out the best combination of the composite using
mechanical tests.

WHAT IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL?

A broad definition of composite is: Two or more chemically

distinct materials which when combined have improved
properties over the individual materials. Composites could be
natural or synthetic

Advantages

Design flexibility
Corrosion resistance

Low relative investment

Durability

Disadvantages

Composites are heterogenous

Composites are highly anistropic
4

RAW MATERIALS OF COMPOSITES

Vinyl ester
Glass Fibre
Drumstick Fibre
Calcium carbonate

SPECIMEN PREPARATION
(COMPOSITION)
Volume of
drumstick
fiber (%)

Volume of
glass fiber
(%)

Volume of
calciumCarb
onate (%)

Volume of
Vinyl ester
Resin (%)

30

70

30

70

12.5

12.5

70

25

70

25

70

Model Calculation:
Length of a composite material

30 cm

Width of a composite material

30 cm

Thickness of a composite material

.3 cm

Total volume of the composite material

270 cm3

SAMPLE I
Volume of drumstick fiber

Total volume x % of the fibre /100

270 X (30/100) = 81 cm3

Density of the drumstick fibre

1.07 g/ cm3

Mass of the drumstick fiber

:
:

Density x volume
1.07 X 81 : 86.67 g

Volume of vinyl ester resin

:
:
:

Total volume x % of the fiber / 100

270 x (70/100)
189 cm3

Density of the vinyl ester resin :

1.25 g/ cm3

Mass of the vinyl ester resin

Density x volume
1.25 x 189
236.25 g

:
:
:

DRUM STICK FIBER (DENSITY, VOLUME& MASS)

Sample

Density

Volume

Mass

Sample:1

1.21g/cm3

81 cm3

98.01 g

Sample:2

1.21g/cm3

Sample:3

1.21g/cm

33.75 cm

Sample:4

1.21g/cm3

67.5 cm3

81.675 g

Sample:5

1.21g/cm3

GLASS FIBER (DENSITY, VOLUME& MASS)

Sample

Density

Volume

Mass

Sample:1

2.47g/cm3

Sample:2

2.47g/cm3

81 cm3

200.07 g

Sample:3

2.47g/cm3

33.75 cm3

83.3625 g

Sample:4

2.47g/cm3

Sample:5

2.47g/cm3

67.5 cm3

166.725 g

40.8375 g

VINYL ESTER RESIN(DENSITY, VOLUME& MASS)

Sample

Density

Volume

Mass

Sample:1

1.25g/cm3

189 cm3

Sample:2

1.25g/cm3

Sample:3

CALCIUM CARBONATE(DENSITY, VOLUME& MASS)

Sample

Density

Volume

Mass

236.25 g

Sample:1

1.25g/cm3

189 cm3

236.25 g

Sample:2

1.25g/cm3

1.25g/cm3

189 cm3

236.25 g

Sample:3

1.25g/cm3

13.5 cm3

33.75 g

Sample:4

1.25g/cm3

189 cm3

236.25 g

Sample:4

1.25g/cm3

13.5 cm3

33.75 g

Sample:5

1.25g/cm3

189 cm3

236.25 g

Sample:5

1.25g/cm3

13.5 cm3

33.75 g

FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE

As per volume fraction of fiber, drumstick and glass fibers are

weighed.

Those drumstick fibers are chopped into various lengths 10mm.

drumstick and glass fibers are mixed .

Hardener is mixed with the resin and it is mixed with the

mixture of fibers.

Then, a coat of resin mixture is applied over the mold.

The mixed fiber and chemical compositions are spread over the
mold.

Flatten the top surface of mold using a roller.

Then cover the upper part with polythene sheet and keep the
other aluminum sheet on it.

Keep a glass over the polythene sheet and keep a weight over it.

After 4 hours remove the plate from the mold by ramming it up.

Follow the same procedure for fabrication of rest of the

composites.

10

Preparation of
mold.

Placing the fiber

mixture in the
mold

Mixing fibers
with resin
mixture.

Level the
surface using
roller

Applying
resin to mold

AS PER THE ASTM STANDARDS

12

TENSILE TEST (ASTM-D638)

Dimensions

Value, mm(in)

Width , W

13 (0.5)

Length, L

57 (2.25)

Width overall, WO

19 (0.75)

Length overall, LO

165 (6.5)

Gauge length, G

50 (2.00)

Distance b/w Grips, D

115 (4.5)

Radius of fillet, R

76 (3.00)

13

TENSILE TEST
Breaking Load for Tensile Test :
Sample 2

Sample 3

KN

KN

KN

DF

0.846

0.708

0.791

GF

1.23

1.46

DF/CC

0.6475

0.6789

0.7050

GF/CC

2.055

1.499

1.785

DF/GF/CC

1.2

1.365

1.867

Sample 1

14

Tensile Strength
Tensile strength = Force(load)/cross sectional area
Sample 2

KN/mm

KN/mm

Sample 3
KN/mm

KN/mm

DF

0.02169

0.018153

0.02028

0.0200

GF

0.031538

0.0256

0.03743

0.03152

DF/CC

0.0166

0.017407

0.0180

0.01733

GF/CC

0.05269

0.03843

0.045769

0.04567

DF/GF/CC

0.030769

0.035

0.04787

0.037879

Sample 1

Average

15

TENSILE STRENGTH FOR TESTED SPECIMENS

16

FINAL STRESS-STRAIN GRAPH FOR TENSILE TEST

17

IMPACT TEST (ASTM- D256)

The standard specimen for ASTM is 64 x 12.7 x 3.2 mm

18

IMPACT TEST RESULT

Sample 2

Sample 3

DF

0.4

0.3

0.4

GF

0.9

0.7

0.8

DF/CC

0.3

0.4

0.4

GF/CC

0.7

0.8

0.8

DF/GF/CC

0.7

0.7

0.8

Sample 1

19

Impact Strength
Sample 2

Sample 3

Average

J/mm

J/mm

J/mm

J/mm

DF

0.010

0.008

0.010

0.00933

GF

0.024

0.01866

0.02133

0.0213

DF/CC

0.008

0.010

0.010

0.00933

GF/CC

0.018

0.021

0.021

0.02

DF/GF/CC

0.018

0.018

0.021

0.019

Sample 1

20

IMPACT STRENGTH FOR TESTED SPECIMENS

21

FLEXURAL TEST ASTM-D790

The specimens of dimensions 3.2mm x 12.7mm x

125mm

22

FLEXURAL TEST RESULT

Sample 2

KN/mm

KN/mm

Sample 3

DF

0.1425

0.119

0.07

GF

0.180

0.133

0.150

DF/CC

0.125

0.15

0.18

GF/CC

0.260

0.31

0.16

DF/GF/CC

0.21

0.155

0.190

Sample 1

KN/mm

23

Flexural Strength = 3PL/2BT in Mpa (ASTM-D790)

Sample 2

KN/mm

KN/mm

Sample 3
KN/mm

KN/mm

DF

0.2192

0.1830

0.10769

0.16996

GF

0.2765

0.2046

0.23076

0.237286

DF/CC

0.1923

0.23076

0.2769

0.2333

GF/CC

0.4

0.47692

0.2461

0.37434

DF/GF/CC

0.3230

0.2384

0.2923

0.2845

Sample 1

Average

24

FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR TESTED

SPECIMENS

25

26

WATER ABSORPTION TEST (ASTM

D570)
Water absorption is used to determine
the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. For the water absorption test, the
specimens are dried in an oven for a specified time
and temperature and then placed in a desiccator to
cool.
Immediately upon cooling the specimens
are weighed. The material is then emerged in water
at agreed upon conditions, often 23C for 24 hours
or until equilibrium. Specimens are removed, patted
dry with a lint free cloth, and weighed.
27

Water absorption is expressed as increase in weight

percent.
Percent Water Absorption = [(Wet weight - Dry weight)/ Dry
weight] x 100
Sample Id

Drum stick Distilled

Water
Drum stick
Saline Water

Initial

Final

Increasing

Percentage of water

Weight

Weight

Weight

observation

9.240g

9.420

0.180

1.948

8.550g

8.740

0.190

2.222

28

CONCLUSION
India is one of the largest drumstick producing
countries in the world the use of its fiber and its wastes
for producing useful components would be very attractive
on the economic point of view. Drumstick fiber composite
can be further attractive if a suitable cost-effective design
method of fiber separation and its composite production
may increases its application to a greater extent.
Composite based on drumstick fibers have very good
potential use in the various sectors like construction,
automotive, machinery etc.
29

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A.J. Brunner, B.R.K. Blackman, P. Davies, A status report on

delamination resistance testing of polymer-matrix composites,
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Arphita GR et al, Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Based Hybrid
Composites Reinforced with Sisal/SIC/Glass Fibers, International
Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Vol.2, Issue 5,
August 2014.
Arpitha GR et al, Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Based Hybrid
Composites Reinforced with Sisal/SIC/Glass Fibers, International
Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Vol.2, Issue 5,
August 2014.

30

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Rohatgi (1984), Performance of banana fabric polyester
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Kuruvilla joseph et.al, Natural Fiber-Polymer Composites Lightsey.

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31

THANKING YOU

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