Knowledge Management

Technologies
 Knowledge Creation
• Is knowledge is created or
discovered?
• Knowledge is
– Created, discovered, transformed and
shared
• Knowledge takes many forms
– Competitors knowledge
– Customer knowledge
– Supplier knowledge
– Technology knowledge
– Process knowledge
 Knowledge creation cycle
• Personal Knowledge Creation Cycle
(PKCC)
– Information – knowhow – experience –
serendipity
• Collective Knowledge Creation Cycle
(CKCC)
– Knowledge acquisition – knowledge
sharing – action

Organization knowledge
creation process

Enriched by tacit knowledge

 Contd.
• Innovation quotient
• Idea quotient
• Major issues on innovation
– Sharing individual ideas to become
organizational knowledge base
– Nurturing relevant ideas and shaping
into projects and prototypes
– Encapsulating the resulting
knowledge into products and
organization’s IC
 Knowledge Networks
• People Network
• Knowledge Network
• Technology Network
 Knowledge
Acquisition/Capture
• Internet
• Watching experienced hands at work
• Modeling techniques
• Design principles
• Mixed-initiative systems
• NLP
 Implementation
methodology
• Informal techniques
– Observation
– Interviews
– Questionnaires
– Interaction
• Formal techniques
– Seminars
– Procedures - training manuals, videos,
system software
– Technology advancements
– Workshops
–
Knowledge Acquisition tools
• grapeVINE
• E-mail
• Listservs
• Newsgroups
• BBSes
• Web-conferencing
• Internet relay chat (IRC)
• Muds/Moos
• Iphones and Internet radio
• VRML Chat systems
 Features of grapeVINE Software
(from grapeVINE technology)

• Use of knowledge chart – collection of

documents, representing the organization’s
knowledge and information hierarchically
organized.
• User Interest profiles – when a new document
is introduced or identified the profiler
function uses the knowledge chart to assign
keywords, which can be further amended by
individuals commenting on the document.
• Other components – add value to information
on an individual basis, promoting
knowledge creation and knowledge transfer.
 LISTSERV
• The first electronic mailing list
software application, consisting of a
set of email addresses for a group
in which the sender can send one
emailand it will reach a variety of
people.
•
Bulletin Board System, or
BBS,
• Computer system running software
that allows users to connect and
log in to the system using a
terminal program.
• Can perform functions such as
uploading and downloading
software and data, reading news
and bulletins, and exchanging
messages with other users, either
through electronic mail or in public
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
• Online medium for the transfer of
text and files.
• IRC allows anyone with a server to
set up their own chat rooms and
invite others to join in.
• Because the protocol is not
proprietary, IRC is a powerful way
of decentralizing chat rooms and
providing users with ad-free, clean
interface-based chatting.
 MOO/MUD
• Network accessible, multi-user,
programmable, interactive systems
well-suited to the construction of
text-based adventure games,
conferencing systems, and other
collaborative software.
• Their most common use is as multi-
participant
• They are often used in academic
environments for
distance education or collaboration
 MUD
• A MUD (originally Multi-User Dungeon,
with later variants Multi-User
Dimension and Multi-User Domain),
[1][2] pronounced /mʌd/, is a multi-user
real-time virtual world. Most MUDs are
represented entirely in text, but graphical
MUDs are not unknown.[3] MUDs combine
elements of role-playing games,
hack and slash, interactive fiction, and
online chat. Players can read or view
depictions of rooms, objects, other
players, non-player characters, and
actions performed in the virtual world.
Players typically interact with each other
and the world by typing commands that
resemble a natural language.
 VRML (Virtual Reality
Modelling Language)
• Pronounced vermal or by its initials,
originally — before 1995 — known
as the Virtual Reality Markup
Language) is a standard file format
for representing 3-dimensional (3D)
interactive vector graphics,
designed particularly with the
World Wide Web in mind.
•
 Organizational knowledge
indexing
• Standalone tools
• Embedding tools
• Tagging tools
• Key-wording
• Weighted-text search tools
• Automated indexing software
 Organizational Knowledge processing
External Web
Environment

Knowledge
Acquisition/Captu
re Database Knowledge
Processing
Knowledge Storage

Data
Marts

Data OLAP
Warehousing

Knowledge
Creation
Organizationa
l Contexts

Data
Internal Mining
Trainings,
Workshops,
Seminars
Collaboration

K-Base
Knowledge
Synthesis
EIP/EKP
Knowledge Dissemination
 Document Management
System
• Organizing both paper and electronic
files
• Convert paper document to
electronic document
– Searched
– Retrieved
– Shared
• Takes care of creating, storing,
editing and distributing documents
• Facilitate authorization
 A producer wants to know….
Which
Whichare
areour
our
lowest/highest
lowest/highest
margin
margin
customers
customers?? Who
Whoarearemy
my
What customers
Whatisisthe
the customers
and
most
most andwhat
what
effective products
products
effective are
distribution
distribution arethey
theybuying?
buying?
channel?
channel?
What
Whatproduct
product
prom- Which
Whichcustomers
customers
prom- are
-otions
-otionshave
havethe
the are mostlikely
most likelyto
to
biggest go
go
biggest What
impact
impactonon Whatimpact
impact to
tothe
the
revenue? will
will competition
competition??
revenue? new
new
products/servic
products/servic
es
es
have
haveon
on 20
revenue
revenue
Data, Data everywhere
yet ... • I can’t find the data I need
– data is scattered over the
network
– many versions, subtle
❚ differences
❚I can’t get the data I need
❙need an expert to get the data

❚I can’t understand the data I found

❙available data poorly documented
❚
❚
❚I can’t use the data I found
❙results are unexpected
❙data needs to be transformed
from one form to other 21
 What is a Data
Warehouse?
 A single, complete
and consistent store of
data obtained from a
variety of different
sources made available
to end users in a what
they can understand
and use in a business
context.


 [Barry Devlin]
22
 What is data warehousing?
• data warehousing is subject-oriented,
integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile
collection of data in support of
management’s decision-making process.
• a data warehouse is data management
and data analysis
• data webhouse is a distributed data
warehouse that is implement over the
web with no central data repository
• goal: is to integrate enterprise wide
corporate data into a single reository
from which users can easily run queries
 What are the users
saying...
• Data should be integrated
across the enterprise
• Summary data has a real
value to the
organization
• Historical data holds the
key to understanding
data over time
• What-if capabilities are
required
24
 What is Data
Warehousing?
 A process of
Information transforming data into
information and
making it available to
users in a timely
enough manner to
make a difference


[Forrester Research, April



Data 1996]

25
 Evolution
• 60’s: Batch reports
– hard to find and analyze information
– inflexible and expensive, reprogram
every new request
• 70’s: Terminal-based DSS and EIS
(executive information systems)
– still inflexible, not integrated with
desktop tools
• 80’s: Desktop data access and analysis
tools
– query tools, spreadsheets, GUIs
– easier to use, but only access operational26
 Warehouses are Very Large
Databases
35%

30%

25%
Respondents

20%

15%

10%
Initial
5% Projected 2Q96

Source: META Group, Inc.

0%
5GB 10-19GB 50-99GB 250-499GB
5-9GB 20-49GB 100-249GB 500GB-1TB
27
 Very Large Data Bases
• Terabytes -- 10^12 bytes: Walmart -- 24 Terabytes


• Petabytes -- 10^15 bytes: Geographic Information

Systems
National Medical

• Exabytes -- 10^18 bytes: Records



• Zettabytes -- 10^21 bytes:Weather images

• Zottabytes -- 10^24 bytes:Intelligence Agency

– Videos
28
Data Warehousing --
It is a process
• Technique for assembling and
managing data from
various sources for the
purpose of answering
business questions. Thus
making decisions that were
not previous possible
• A decision support database
maintained separately from
the organization’s
operational database
29
 Data Warehouse
• A data warehouse is a
– subject-oriented
– integrated
– time-varying
– non-volatile
 collection of data that is used primarily
in organizational decision making.
 -- Bill Inmon, Building the Data Warehouse 1996

30
 Explorers, Farmers and
Tourists
Tourists: Browse information harvested by
farmers

Farmers: Harvest information

from known access paths

Explorers: Seek out the unknown and previously

unsuspected rewards hiding in the detailed data

31
 Data Warehouse
Architecture
Relationa
l
Database
s
Optimized Loader
Extraction
ERP
Systems Cleansing

Data Warehouse
Engine Analyze
Purchase Query
d
Data

Legacy
Data Metadata Repository
32
 From the Data Warehouse to
Data Marts
Information

Individually Less
Structured

History
Departmentally Normalized
Structured Detailed

Organizationally More
Structured Data Warehouse

Data
33
  Data mart
• data mart a subset of a
data warehouse that
supports the
requirements of
particular
department or business
function
• The characteristics
that differentiate
data marts and data

warehouses include:
• data marts do not normally contain
detailed operational data, unlike
data warehouses
 Application-Orientation vs.
Subject-Orientation
Application-Orientation Subject-Orientation

Operational Data
Database Warehouse

Credit
Loans Card Customer

Vendor
Product
Trust

Savings Activity
35
 OLTP vs. Data Warehouse
• OLTP systems are tuned for known
transactions and workloads while
workload is not known a priori in a data
warehouse
• Special data organization, access methods
and implementation methods are
needed to support data warehouse
queries (typically multidimensional
queries)
– e.g., average amount spent on phone calls
between 9AM-5PM in Pune during the
month of December 36
 OLTP vs Data Warehouse
• OLTP • Warehouse (DSS)
– Application – Subject Oriented
Oriented – Used to analyze
– Used to run business
business – Summarized and
– Detailed data refined
– Current up to – Snapshot data
date – Integrated Data
– Isolated Data – Ad-hoc access
– Repetitive – Knowledge User
access (Manager)
– Clerical User 37
 OLTP vs Data Warehouse

• OLTP • Data Warehouse

– Performance – Performance relaxed
Sensitive – Large volumes
– Few Records accessed at a
accessed at a time time(millions)
(tens) – Mostly Read (Batch
Update)
– Read/Update Access – Redundancy present
– Database Size
100 GB - few
– No data redundancy terabytes
– Database Size
100MB -100 GB

38
 OLTP vs Data Warehouse
• OLTP • Data Warehouse
– Transaction – Query
throughput is throughput is
the the
performance performance
metric metric
– Thousands of – Hundreds of
users users
– Managed in – Managed by
entirety subsets
–
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 comparision of OLTP systems and data
warehousing system
OLTP systems Data warehousing systems

Hold current data Holds historical data

Stores detailed data Stores detailed, lightly, and highly summarized
Data is dynamic data
Repetitive processing Data is largely static
High level of transaction throughput Ad hoc, unstructured, and heuristic processing
Predictable pattern of usage Medium to how level of transaction throughput
Transaction-driven Unpredictable pattern of usage
Application-orented Analysis driven
Supports day-to-day decisions Subject-oriented
Serves large number of clerical/operation users supports strategic decisions
Serves relatively how number of managerial
users
 To summarize ...
• OLTP Systems are
used to “run” a
business
•
•
•
• • The Data
Warehouse helps
to “optimize” the
business
41