HIV AIDS

Presented By:

-CHAVEZ
--GALANG

-KAUR
-NOGUERA
2DCN
 HIV / AIDS
What is HIV AIDS?
 AIDS stands for Acquired immunodeficiency
(or immune deficiency) Syndrome. It results
from infection with a virus called HIV, which
stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
This virus infects key cells in the human body
called CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells. These
cells are part of the body's immune system,
which fights infections and various cancers.
 When HIV invades the body's CD4+ T cells,
the damaged immune system loses its ability
to defend against diseases caused by
bacteria, viruses, and other microscopic
organisms. A substantial decline in CD4+ T
cells also leaves the body vulnerable to
certain cancers.
What is HIV AIDS?
 There is no cure for AIDS, but
medical treatments can slow
down the rate at which HIV
weakens the immune system.
As with other diseases, early
detection offers more options
for treatment and preventing
complications.
 AIDS affects women
differently than it does men,
and it presents unique issues
related to sexuality,
childbearing, and side effects
of treatments.
What Is The Difference Between HIV And
AIDS?
 The term AIDS refers to an advanced
stage of HIV infection, when the
immune system has sustained
substantial damage. Not everyone who
has HIV infection develops AIDS.
 When HIV progresses to AIDS, however,
it has proved to be a universally fatal
illness. Few people survive five years
from the time they are diagnosed with
AIDS, although this is increasing with
improvements in treatment techniques.
 Cause of HIV AIDS
HIV is a type of virus called a retrovirus. Like all viruses,
it must invade the cells of other organisms to survive
and reproduce. HIV multiplies in the human immune
system's CD4+ T cells and kills vast numbers of the
cells it infects. The result is disease symptoms.
Nice To Know:
There are two forms of HIV:
 HIV-1 is the more common and more potent form. This
form of HIV has spread throughout the world.
 HIV-2, which is less potent that HIV-1, is found
predominantly in West Africa. It is also more closely
related to two HIV-like viruses found in monkeys.
There also are different strains of the virus, which makes
it difficult to find one single treatment.
 Epidemiological Features
Agent factors:

 Agent—HIV is 1/10,000th of mm in diameter. It has

unique ability to destroy humanT4 helper cells,
spreads throughout body & passes through blood
brain barrier & can destroy brain cells.
 Reservoir of infection--- They are cases & carriers.
Once infected virus remains in body.
 People who have no symptoms of HIV infected carrier
can infect others.
 Source of infection---The virus is in greatest
concentration in blood, semen, and CSF. Lower
concentration detected in tears, saliva, breast milk,
urine, cervical and vaginal secretions.
 Only blood and semen have been shown to transmit
the virus
 Epidemiological Features
Host factors

 Age—In sexually active persons of age group 20-

49 years.
 Sex---Sexual practices like multiple partners,
anal intercourse, male homosexuality,
prostitution, increases risk.
 High risk group —male homosexuals &
bisexuals, prostitutes, iv drug abusers, blood &
blood product transfusion of HIV infected.
 Immunology —The virus reproduces and
destroys WBC’s(T helper cells),thus reducing the
immunity of the body.
Mode of Transmission
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
 Infected person’s blood, semen, are rich in HIV.

 However tears, saliva, sweat, urine do not pose danger

 Most easily by unprotected sexual intercourse.

BLOOD CONTACT
 Transfusion of infected blood or blood products .

 Use of infected needles & instruments without

sterilization .
 Sharing of needles & syringes by HIV drug addicts .

MATERNAL –FETAL TRANSMISSION

 Infected mother to baby during pregnancy& through
breast-feeding.
Incubation Period
 Incubation period is uncertain.
 May range from few months to 6
years or more.
 Virus can lie silent in body for many
years.
 It is estimated that 75% of infected
with HIV develop AIDS by end of 10
years.
 Clinical Manifestation
1. Initial infection - HIV infected has no symptom
for first 5 years. Look healthy, feel well but can
transmit the virus.
2. Asymptomatic carrier state - Infected people
have antibodies but no signs of disease.
3. AIDS related complex-Illness caused by
damage to immune system show one or more
clinical signs( diarrhea, fever, loss of weight,
cough, enlarge spleen, fatigue, generalized
weakness, etc.)
4. AIDS-End stage of HIV infection. No. of infections
occur at this stage. Due to uncontrolled infection.
 Signs and Symptoms
Person is considered to have AIDS if 2 major signs are
present with at least 1minor signs.
Major Signs:
 Long standing, unexplained fever (more than1 month) .

 Unexplained diarrhea (more than 1 month)

 Persistent unexplained fatigue & weight loss more than

5 kg within short period.
Minor signs:
 Persistent cough (more than1 month)

 Generalized pruritic dermatitis

 Oral candidiasis

 History of herpes zosters

 chronic herpes simplex infection

 Laboratory Diagnosis
SPOT TEST
 This is simple rapid test for finding out HIV status.

 Rarely chances of false positive report & hence positive

report should be confirmed by doing ELISA test.

ELISA TEST
 The infection can only be detected by doing blood test

i.e. ELISA HIV antibody test.

WESTERN BLOT(WB) TEST
 Specialized and costly confirmatory test for HIV.

 Done to confirm positive ELISA or SPOT test report.

TREATMENT
 PREVENTION
HIV can be prevented by adopting simple measures:
 SAFE SEX –using condoms

 SAFE BLOOD -uncontaminated

 SAFE NEEDLES -sterilized

 EDUCATION- only means available for mass awareness

 SAFE MOTHERHOOD- HIV may pass from infected

mother to fetus through placenta, during delivery or by

breast feeding.
 SAFE RAZOR AND BLADE (not previously used)
 Health Education for Patient
GENERAL CARE
 Sympathetic attitude, family and public support .

 Patient should be advised to take adequate rest & diet rich

in proteins ,vitamins & avoid outside food.
 Patient should be advised not to donate blood or organ.

 Patient should be advised to use condom.

 Patient be encouraged to give up smoking, alcohol.

 Patient should drink boiled water ,do exercise or yoga

 Common Misconceptions about HIV
AIDS
 No risk of contracting HIV infection in daily routine & by
casual contact with HIV positive person.

AIDS virus is not transmitted through:

 Embarrassing

 Touching hand shaking or hugging

 Sharing bathroom or toilet

 Coughing or sneezing

 Eating together or sharing utensils

 Swimming pools
 Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: What if I'm attracted to someone I don't really know? What
should I do?
 A: Know the sexual history and health status of partners. Avoid
anonymous sexual contact and learn about safe sex practices, such
as the use of condoms.

 Q: Is an AIDS test required of new job applicants and/or

employees?
 A: Probably not. In fact, under most state laws, employers cannot ask
whether applicants or employees have AIDS - only if they can do the
job.

 Q: Should I avoid sharing personal hygiene items, like razors

or toothbrushes?
 A: Yes. These devices might be contaminated with blood. However,
this is an unlikely mode of transmission for the AIDS virus.
 Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: Are my children going to get AIDS if I have it?
 A: Research indicates that HIV is NOT transmitted by
casual contact, such as touching or hugging; sharing
household items such as utensils, towels, and bedding;
contact with sweat or tears; sharing facilities such as
swimming pools, saunas, hot tubs, or toilets with HIV-
infected people; and coughs or sneezes. HIV transmission
requires intimate contact with infected blood or body fluids
(vaginal secretions, semen, pre-ejaculation fluid, and
breast milk). Activities that don't involve the possibility of
such contact are regarded as posing no risk of infection.
Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: Does everyone who has AIDS die from it?
 A: When scientists first recognized AIDS in 1981, most
people died within a year or two. Now, with numerous
drugs available to help suppress HIV's attack on the
immune system and prevent or treat AIDS-related
opportunistic illnesses, many people with AIDS are
living longer and healthier lives. However, AIDS still is
considered a fatal illness. Few people survive five years
from the time they are diagnosed with AIDS, although
this is increasing with improvements in treatment
techniques.
Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: Does everyone who has AIDS die from it?
 A: When scientists first recognized AIDS in 1981, most
people died within a year or two. Now, with numerous
drugs available to help suppress HIV's attack on the
immune system and prevent or treat AIDS-related
opportunistic illnesses, many people with AIDS are
living longer and healthier lives. However, AIDS still is
considered a fatal illness. Few people survive five years
from the time they are diagnosed with AIDS, although
this is increasing with improvements in treatment
techniques.
 Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: How can a person tell if she is infected
with HIV?
 A: A blood test can determine whether or not a
person is infected with HIV. The most commonly
used test detects antibodies (disease-fighting
proteins) against HIV. It may take as long as three
to six months for HIV antibodies to reach levels that
are measurable in standard blood tests.
 Q: Can I keep my test results private?
 A: People can have the procedure done at HIV
testing centers that offer anonymous HIV testing.
Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: Can HIV be spread through kissing?
 A: Although studies have found tiny amounts of HIV in
the saliva of some people with HIV, researchers have
found no evidence that HIV is spread to other people
through kissing. However, the CDC recommends
against "French" or open-mouthed kissing because of
the possibility of contact with blood if the people
kissing have any cuts or sores in the mouth.
 Q: Can HIV be transmitted during oral sex?
 A: Although the risk of infection during oral sex is
considered lower than during vaginal or anal
intercourse, HIV may be transmitted during oral sex
through contact with vaginal secretions, semen, pre-
ejaculation fluid, and blood.
 Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: Is a home test kit for HIV available?
 A: No approved HIV test kit will give you a result at
home. There is a kit available that is designed for you to
collect a sample of your blood at home. Then you send
the sample to a laboratory where it is tested for HIV.
 Q: How likely is an HIV-positive woman to infect
her baby?
 A: Approximately one-quarter to one-third of all
untreated pregnant women infected with HIV will pass
the infection to their babies during pregnancy or
childbirth.
 Q: Can HIV be transmitted in breast milk?
 A: HIV can be transmitted from a nursing mother to her
infant through breast milk.
Common Question and Answer
about HIV AIDS
 Q: How effective are latex condoms in
preventing HIV?
 A: Health authorities say that latex condoms
are highly effective when used consistently and
correctly. The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommends using latex condoms
(or dental dams) whenever having oral, anal, or
vaginal sex. If a lubricant is used, it should be a
water-based lubricant.