Some Types of

Chemical
Reactions

Combination Reactions

Combination reactions occur when two or

more substances combine to form a
compound.
There are three basic types of combination
reactions.
1. Two elements react to form a new compound
2. An element and a compound react to form one new
compound
3. Two compounds react to form one compound

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound

2 Na s Cl 2 g 2 NaCl s

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound

2 Mg s O 2 g 2 MgO s

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
A. Metal + Nonmetal Binary Ionic Compound

2 Al s 3 Br2 2 AlBr3 s

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound

P4 s 5 O 2 g P4O10 s

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound

P4 s 6 Cl 2 g 4 PCl 3

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.

2 As s 3 Cl 2 g 2 AsCl3 s
in limited chlorine
2 As s 5 Cl 2 g 2 AsCl5 s
in excess chlorine

Combination Reactions
1. Element + Element Compound
B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal Covalent Binary
Compound
Can control which product is made with the
reaction conditions.

Se s 2 F2 g SeF4 s
in limited fluorine
Se s 3 F2 g SeF6 g
in excess fluorine

Combination Reactions
2. Compound + Element Compound

AsCl3 s Cl 2 g AsCl5 s
SF4 s F2 g SF6 g

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Combination Reactions
The reaction of oxygen with oxides of
nonmetals is an example of this type of
combination reaction.

2 CO g O 2 g 2 CO 2 g
catalyst &

2 SO2 g O 2 g

2 SO3 g

P4O6 2 O2 P4O10
11

Combination Reactions
3. Compound + Compound Compound

gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride

NH 3 g HCl g NH 4Cl s
lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide

Li 2 O SO 3 Li 2SO 4
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Decomposition Reactions

Decomposition reactions occur when

one compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements
2. One or more elements and one or more
compounds
3. Two or more compounds

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Decomposition Reactions
1. Compound Element + Element

decomposition of dinitrogen oxide

2 N 2O g 2 N 2 g O 2 g
decomposition of calcium chloride

CaCl 2

Ca Cl 2 g

electricity

decomposition of silver halides

h

2 AgBr s 2 Ag s Br2
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Decomposition Reactions
2. Compound One Element +
Compound(s)

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

h or Fe3 or Mn

2 H 2O2 aq 2 H 2O O2 g

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Decomposition Reactions
3. Compound Compound + Compound

decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate

NH 4 HCO3 s NH 3 g H 2O g CO2 g

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Decomposition Reactions
3. Compound Compound + Compound

decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate

NH 4 HCO3 s NH 3 g H 2O g CO2 g

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Single Displacement Reactions

Displacement reactions occur when one
element displaces another element from a
compound.
These are redox reactions in which the more
active metal displaces the less active metal of
hydrogen from a compound in aqueous
solution.
Activity series is given in Table 4-14.
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Single Displacement Reactions

[More Active Metal + Salt of Less Active Metal] [Less
Active Metal + Salt of More Active Metal]

1.

molecular equation

AgNO3 aq + Cu (s) CuNO 3 aq Ag (s)

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Displacement Reactions
The following metals are active enough to
displace hydrogen
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, & Pb

Notice how the reaction changes with an

oxidizing acid.
Reaction of Cu with HNO3.
H2 is no longer produced.

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Displacement Reactions
3.

[Active Nonmetal + Salt of Less Active Nonmetal] [Less

Active Nonmetal + Salt of More Active
Nonmetal]

Molecular equation

Cl 2 g + 2 NaI aq I 2 s 2 NaCl (aq)

Total

ionic equation
You do it!

Cl 2 g + 2 Na

aq

+ 2 I aq I 2 s 2 Na
-

aq

+ 2 Cl aq
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Double Displacement
(Metathesis)
Metathesis reactions occur when two ionic
aqueous solutions are mixed and the ions
switch partners.
AX + BY AY + BX

Metathesis reactions remove ions from

solution in two ways:
1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O
2. form an insoluble solid

Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis

reactions.
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Double Displacement Reactions

1. Acid-Base (neutralization) Reactions
Formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O
acid + base
salt + water

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Double Displacement Reactions

Molecular equation

HBr(aq) + KOH (aq) KBr(aq) + H 2 O ( )

Total

ionic equation
You do it!

aq

aq

+ Br

Net

+K

aq

+ OH aq K
-

ionic equation

aq

aq

+ Br

+ H 2 O ( )

You do it!

aq

+ OH aq H 2 O ( )
-

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Double Displacement Reactions

Molecular equation

Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + 2 HNO3 (aq) Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq) + 2 H 2 O ( )

Total ionic equation
You do it!
Ca 2aq + 2 OH - aq + 2 H aq + 2 NO3- aq Ca 2aq + 2 NO3- aq + 2 H 2 O ( )
Net ionic equation

You do it!
2 OH -aq + 2 H aq 2 H 2 O ( )
or better
-

OH aq + H

aq

H 2 O ( )

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Double Displacement Reactions

2. Precipitation reactions are metathesis
reactions in which an insoluble
compound is formed.
The solid precipitates out of the solution
much like rain or snow precipitates out of the
air.

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Double Displacement Reactions

Precipitation Reactions
Molecular equation

Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2 CO 3( aq) 2 KNO 3( aq ) + CaCO 3 (s)

Total

ionic reaction
You do it!

Ca

2
aq

2 NO

3 aq

2K
2K

aq

aq

CO

23 aq

2 NO

3 aq

CaCO
27 3 s

Double Displacement Reactions

Net ionic reaction
You do it!

Ca

2
aq

+ CO

23 aq

CaCO 3 (s)

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Double Displacement Reactions

Molecular equation

3 CaCl 2 (aq) + 2 Na 3PO 4 ( aq) 6 NaCl ( aq ) + Ca 3 PO 4 2(s)

Total

ionic reaction
You do it!

1
33 Ca 2aq 6 Cl1 aq
+
6
Na

2
PO

aq
4 aq

6 Na

1
aq

6 Cl

1 aq

+ Ca 3 PO 4 2 s
29

Double Displacement Reactions

Net ionic reaction
You do it!

3 Ca

2
aq

2 PO

34 aq

Ca 3 PO 4 2 s

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Double Displacement Reactions

Molecular equation

2 HCl(aq) + Na 2SO3( aq) 2 NaCl ( aq ) + H 2O SO2 g

Total

ionic reaction
You do it!

2H

1
aq

2 Cl

1 aq

1
aq

SO

1
aq

2 Cl

+ 2 Na
2 Na

23 aq
1 aq

+ H 2 O SO 2 g
31

Double Displacement Reactions

Net ionic reaction
You do it!

2H

1
aq

SO

23 aq

H 2O SO2 g

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Gas-Formation Reactions
A gas-formation reaction is a type of
reaction in which there is a formation of an
insoluble or slightly soluble gas when
there are no gaseous reactants.
Displacement reactions in which an active
metal displaces from an acid or from water
are gas-formation reactons; they are not
methathesis reactions.
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Gas-Formation Reactions
Consider hydrochloric acid with calcium
carbonate to form carbonic acid.
Formula Unit
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)
Total Ionic
2[H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)]
+ CaCO3 (s)

H2CO3 (aq)
+ [Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)]

Net Ionic
2H+(aq) + CaCO3 (s) H2CO3 (aq) + Ca2+(aq)

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Gas-Formation Reactions
Enough heat is generated in the reaction
to cause thermal decomposition of
carbonic acid.
H2CO3 (aq) CO2 + H2O(l)

The net effect of the chemical reqaction

and subsequent decomposition is
2HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s) CO2 + H2O(l) + CaCl2 (aq)
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Combustion
Combustion reactions always involve
molecular oxygen O2. Anytime anything
burns (in the usual sense), it is a
combustion reaction. Combustion
reactions are almost always exothermic
(i.e., they give off heat).
CH3OH + O2
CO2 + 2H2O
Mg

+ O2

2 MgO
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction
Oxidation is an increase in the oxidation
number.
Corresponds to the loss of electrons.

Reduction is a decrease in the oxidation

number.
reduction reduces the oxidation number.
Corresponds to the gain of electrons

37

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction

Oxidizing agents are chemical species that:

1. oxidize some other substance
2. contain atoms that are reduced in the reaction
3. gain electrons

Reducing agents are chemical species that:

1. reduce some other substance
2. contain atoms that are oxidized in the reaction
3. lose electrons
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction
Two examples of oxidation-reduction or redox
reactions.
KMnO4 and Fe2+
Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+
MnO41- is reduced to Mn2+
Combustion reactions are redox reactions
Combustion of Mg
Mg is oxidized to MgO
O2 is reduced to O2-

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction
Example 4-2: Write and balance the formula unit,
total ionic, and net ionic equations for the oxidation
of sulfurous acid to sulfuric acid by oxygen in acidic
aqueous solution.
Formula unit equation

2 H 2SO3 aq O 2 g 2 H 2SO4 aq
Total ionic equation
You do it!

2 H 2SO 3 aq O 2 g 4 H

(aq)

2 SO

2 40
4(aq)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction
Net ionic equation
You do it!

2 H 2SO 3 aq O 2 g 4 H

(aq)

2 SO

2
4(aq)

Which species are oxidized and reduced?

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.
You do it!

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
An Introduction
H2SO3 is oxidized.
The oxidation state of S in H2SO3 is +4.
In SO42-, S has an oxidation state of +6.

O2 is reduced.
Oxidation state of O in O2 is 0
In SO42-, O has an oxidation state of 2.

H2SO3 is reducing agent.

O2 is oxidizing agent.
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