Frequency Response

S-Domain Analysis Poles and Zeros

N 40

z1 7 3 jj

jj 1

z2 0

i 0 N

p1 3 3 jj

p3 7

j 0 N

p2 3

p4 0 2 jj

e 10.1 i 0.4

j 10.1 j 0.4

f ( e w)

i j

[ ( e z1 w jj) ( e z2 w jj) ]
( e w jj p1) ( e w jj p2) ( p3 w jj e) ( e w jj p4)

f e j
i

Bode Plots

Example 7.2

Frequency Response
Exercise 7.1

The Amplifier Transfer Function

The Three Frequency Bands (AM, wl, wh, BW, GB)
The Gain Function A(s) and the Low-Frequency Response
A(s )

A M FL( s ) FH( s )

A(s )

AM

A L( s )

A M FL( s )

A H( s )

A M FH( s )

L H

P1 P2

2 Z1 2 Z2

this relationship can be extended to any number of poles and zeros

one of the poles can be dominant and the expression is simplied

Low-Frequency Response

1
1
2

P1

1
2

P1

2
2

Z1

2
2

Z1

Using Short-Circuit and Open Circuit Times Constants

For the Approximate Determination of L and H

Open Circuit time Constants

H

CiRio
i

Dominant Pole Exists

Short Circuit time Constants

Ci Ris
i

Example 7.5 - Study

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

2 Second Quiz:
What is the value of Rin
on this circuit?

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Using the voltage divider rule cwe can find Vg
V (s )
g

Rin

V (s )
i

Rin R

1
s C

C1

V (s )
g

Rin

V (s )

Rin R

P1

1
CC1 ( Rin R)

1
C

( Rin R)

C1

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Next
Id ( s )

Vg ( s )

I( s )

Zs

gm
g m Vg ( s )

Id ( s )

YS

ZS

RS

YS
g m YS

s CS
s

g m Vg ( s )

Id ( s )

CS

CS RS

g 1
m R

CS
gm

1
P2

CS RS

introduces a zero at

ZS

at infinite, which means Vo zero

1
RS

CS

Rs

CS

gm

RS g
m

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

approximation is valid

ro RD

after Thevenin's theorem and some manipulation

Vo ( s )

Id ( s ) Parallel RD ro RL
s

P3

CC2 RL

R r
D o
RD ro

CC2

1
CC2

RL

RD ro

RD ro

introduces a zero at zero freq.

and a real pole a
W P3

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

A L( s )

AM

Vo ( s )
Vi( s )

Rin

A M

s Z

s P1 s P2 s P3

g m Parallel RD ro RL
Rin R

Low-Frequency Response of the Common-Source Amplifier

Design of the Coupling Cc1 and Cc2
and Bypass Capacitors Cs
To place the lower 3-db frequency wl at the specified value.

Example 7.6

Exercise 7.7
The frequency of the zero is given by eq. 7.37

1
CS RS

CS
The frequency of the pole is given by eq. 7.38

gm
p

gm

CS

1
RS

Exercise 7.8

Exercise 7.9

Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier

Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier

Exercise 7.9

Exercise 7.10

Exercise 7.11

A MOSFET common-source amplifier (a), and a BJT common-emitter amplifier (b). here, Vs and Rs represent the
Thvenin equivalent of the circuit at the input side, including the output circuit of the preceding amplifier stage (if
any) and the bias network of the transistor Q (if any). Similarly, RL represents the total resistance between the drain
(the collector) and signal ground. Although signal ground at the source (emitter) is shown established by a large
capacitor, this is not necessary, and the circuits can be used to represent, for instance, the differential half-circuit of a
differential pair.

Millers Theorem
An admittance Y (Y=1/Z) is connected between the two nodes and these nodes are also connected to
other nodes in the network. Millers theorem provides a way for replacing the bridging admittance
Y with two admittances Y1 and Y2 between node 1 and ground, and node 2 and ground.
The relationship between V2 and V1 is given by K=V2/V1
To find Y1 and Y2
1

I1

V1

I2

1 I1

V2

V1

I2 2
Y1

Y2

V2

I1 Y V1 V2 YV1 1 V2 V1

I 2 Y V2 V1 YV2 1 V1 V2

I1 Y1V1

I 2 Y2V2

I1 YV1 1 K
Y1 Y 1 K

I 2 YV2 1 1 K
Y2 Y 1 1 K

CS Amplifier High Frequency Response

Rs
gmvgs

Cgd(1+gmRL')

vi

vgs

RL'

Cgs
Cgd[1+1/(gmRL')]
~= Cgd

CT

1
1

C gs C gd 1 g m RL ' Rs CT Rs

vo

CE Amplifier High Frequency Response

Differential Pair
We have seen that a symmetric differential amplifier can be
analyzed with a differential half circuit. This still holds true for
high-frequency small-signal analysis.
RD

+vd/2
-vd/2

Rs

RD
vout

Rs

Cgd
gmvgs

Rs

vd/2
I

Cgs

Cdb

RD vout

Variation of the CMRR with High-Frequency

|Acm| (dB)

The CMRR of a differential pair

degrades at high frequency
due to a number of factors.

(log scale)

|Ad| (dB)

The most important is the

increase in CM gain with
frequency due to
capacitances.

(log scale)
-20dB/dec

CMRR (dB)

-40dB/dec

(log scale)