The Rutherford Model

could not explain

Chapter 4 H Chem

The atom does not collapse

The light emitted by atoms

For hydrogen:

(YoungDouble Slit)

(What atoms have to do with it)

-1312 kJ
En= mole e- n2

Bohr Model

wavelength
frequency Speed of
light

electrons can have only

certain energies
colors are emitted when electrons
jump from higher to lower energy
levels

Energy levels exist

Sub-levels exist

s (1)

p (3) d (5)

Therefore

Particle-like
E h

Wave
Mechanical
Model

The observer affects

the observed

If light has a dual

naturewhy not matter

Electrons are waves of (Max Born)

chance.
only certain energies allowed

High probability regions in

as: space where the electron is
likely to be found

Filling order for atoms with more than one electron

Plancks
Constant
6.6x10-34Js

Schroedinger

These are called:orbitals

Defined

Quantum of
energy (photon)

What DeBroglie said

Heisenbergs
Uncertainty Principle

(Proven by looking at
Bright-Line Spectra)

f (7)

(Photo-electric effect)
(Planck / Einstein)

Wave-like
3.0 x 108m/s
x=c

Bright-Line Spectra

For H:

The Atomcontd

Aufbau
Pauli
Hunds

Shown with:
1.Config.
or
2.Orbital

Determine the
wavelength of light
given off when an
th
electron in the 9
energy level drops to
th
the 8 energy level
in hydrogen

Determine the wavelength of light given off

when an electron in the 9th energy level
drops to the 8th energy level in hydrogen
E9 = -1312 kJ/ 81 mol e- = -16.2 kJ/mol eE8 = -1312 kJ/ 64 mol e- = -20.5 kJ/mol eE = -20.5 kJ/mol e- - (-16.2 kJ/mol e-) =
energy released -4.3 kJ/mol e(4.3 kJ/mol e-)(1 mol e-/ 6.02 x 1023 e-) =
-24
7.1
x
10
kJ/
e
=
7.1 x 10-21 J = h
-21
7.1
x
10
J/
e
13
1.1 x 10 / s =
(1.1 x 1013 / s) = c = 2.7 x 10-5 m

Compare the electron

orbits of the Bohr
model with the electron
orbitals
ofinthe
wave
Electron orbits
the Bohr
Model were paths etched
out by the electrons as they circled the nucleusthe
mechanical
electron was viewed model
as a particle.
Electron orbitals are high probability regions in space
where the electron is likely to be found. The regions
are the result of the application of Schroedingers
Wave equation to find were the electron position is
knowing it possesses a certain amount of energy.
There are many places of equal probability; hence a
region instead of just one location (the electron

Describe an orbital
pair.
Electrons with the same overall energy spinning in
opposite directions.

What does it mean

about the positions of
the electrons in an
atom when the
electrons are in the
Electrons in the ground state
ground are
state
in there lowest energy
configurations.

Write the
configuration
- (chlorine
notation for Cl the ion)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
2

56

How many unpaired electrons

zero
in the chlorine ion?)