Dar es Salaam institute of Technology

(DIT)
ETU 08102
Digital Networks
Ally, J
jumannea@gmail.com
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UMTS/HSPA Networks

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3G Evolution

Proposal of 3G

IMT-2000: the general name of third

generation mobile communication system

The third generation mobile communication

was first proposed in 1985 and was
renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996

Commercialization: around the year of 2000

Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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Improvement Beyond
Voice Only

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Enabling Wider Options of

Services

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Mobile Multimedia Services

High-speed packet communication
by 3G

Audio/Visual communication (ex. Video phone)

Location service (ex. Navigation)

Mobile e-Commerce

Multi-call service (Voice+Packet+)

International roaming

Contents distribution (Video, Music, Game, Map, etc.)

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What is UMTS/WCDMA?
An IMT-2000 standard 3G mobile wireless solution (also known as
UMTS/WCDMA)
Compliments GSM/GPRS/EDGE services
High Voice Capacity:
51 to 83 Erlangs/sector/5 MHz (62 to 95 TCH/sector/5 MHz)
Voice quality rated as excellent
Always On Packet Data Rates:
384/64kbps (DL/UL) peak data rate in initial (Release 99) commercial
deployments
Up to 14.4 Mbps peak downlink data rate with HSDPA (Release 5)
Up to 5.8 Mbps peak Uplink data rate with HSUPA (Release 6)
Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 7)
Up to 28 Mbps downlink peak data rate
Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate
Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 8)
Up to 42.2 Mbps downlink peak data rate
Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate

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WCDMA Bands Used

Main bands

Supplementary bands: different country maybe

different

1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz

1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)

1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia) . . .

Frequency channel number central frequency5,

for main band:

UL frequency channel number 9612 9888

DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838
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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication

System) R99 Network Architecture
MSC/VLR

Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN

GMSC

GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC
HLR/AUC

BTS
PCU

SCE

SS7

RNC
SMS

NodeB

UMTS
UTRAN

SGSN

CG

SCP

GPRS
backbone

Internet,
Intranet
GGSN
BG
Other PLMNs
GPRS network

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UMTS R4 Network
Architecture
IP/ATM Backbone

MGW

MGW

GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC

VMSC Server

Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN

GMSC Server
HLR/AUC

BTS

PCU

SCE

SS7

RNC
SMS
NodeB

SCP
GPRS
backbone

UMTS
UTRAN

Internet,
Intranet

SGSN
GGSN
CG

BG
Other PLMNs
GPRS network

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UMTS R5 Network Architecture

CS domain

IP/ATM Backbone
MGW

GSM /GPRS BSS

Other PLMN
PSTN,ISDN

MGW

VMSC Server GMSC Server

BSC

HLR/AUC/HSS

BTS

Iu-CS
SCE

PCU

SS7

RNC
NodeB

UTRAN

SMS
SCP

Iu-PS
SGSN

PS domain

Internet,
Intranet

GPRS
backbone

GGSN
MGW

CG

MGCF

BG
IP backbone

P-CSCF

MRFC
MRFP

IMS domain

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S-CSCF

UMTS Elements Definition

The Mobile Equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used for

radio communication over the Uu interface.
The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a
smartcard that holds the subscriber identity, performs
authentication algorithms, and stores authentication and
encryption keys and some subscription information that is
needed at the terminal.
The Node B converts the data flow between the Iub and
Uu interfaces. It also participates in radio resource
management.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) owns and controls
the radio resources in its domain (the Node Bs connected
to it).
Home Location Register (HLR) is a database located in
the users home system that stores the master copy of
the users service profile.
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Network Elements Definitions

(2)

Mobile Services Switching Centre/Visitor Location

Register (MSC/VLR) is the switch (MSC) and
database (VLR) that serves the UE in its current
location for Circuit-Switched (CS) services.
Gateway MSC (GMSC) is the switch at the point
where UMTS PLMN is connected to external CS
networks. All incoming and outgoing CS connections
go through GMSC.
Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Support Node (SGSN) functionality is similar to that
of MSC/VLR but is typically used for PacketSwitched (PS) services.
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) functionality
is close to that of GMSC but is in relation to PS
services.
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WCDMA Network Architecture

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WCDMA Network Architecture

WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core
(2)
Network).

The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions.

The CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the
UMTS system, and implements the function of external network switching
and routing.

Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and

the PS (Packet Switched) Domain.

UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together constitute the whole

UMTS system

A RNS (Radio Network Sub-system) is composed of one RNC and one

or several Node Bs.

The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is
adopted between RNC and Node B.

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WCDMA Network
Architecture
(3)
Within UTRAN,
RNCs connect with one
another
through the Iur interface.

The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct

physical connections among them or connect them
through the transport network.

RNC is used to allocate and control the radio

resources of the connected or related Node B.

Node B serves to convert the data flows between the

Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same
time, it also participates in part of radio resource
management.
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Air Interface Protocol Structure

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UMTS Channels

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HSDPA and HSUPA

What are the drivers and motivations for HSDPA and HSUPA?
Data

Rate

Demand for high data rate

multimedia services
Demand for higher peak data
rates

Throughput/Capacity

Cost per megabyte

Coverage

Higher data rates available

over a larger cell footprint

Delay

Lower Latency

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HSDPA
(High Speed Downlink Packet Access )

What is HSDPA?
Enhancement of 3GPP W-CDMA specification
Targeting throughput enhancement and delay
reduction
Providing peak data rate up to 14.4 Mbps

Technologies
Use of downlink shared channel
Both QPSK and 16QAM transmission
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat request)
Effective packet scheduling algorithm
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

16QAM

QPSK

i1
i2

10

11

00

10

q2

i2

1011

1001

0001

0011

1010

1000

0000

0010

1110

1100

0100

0110

1111

1101

0101

0111

q1
q2

Same amount
of noise

2 bits per symbol

Robust

4 bits per symbol

Requires high S/N
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Radio Channel Quality

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

Modulation &
Coding
Channel Quality Indicator
(CQI)

QPSK

16 QAM

time (mS)

Use high level modulation and coding rate when

channel condition is good
Data Throughput can be increased
05/30/16

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Scheduling

Data queue for each terminal is

monitored. NodeB schedules
the downlink according to the
queue length.

Ch

ity
l
a
u
Q

NodeB

ity

In each time slot, the terminals

which have good downlink
condition are selected. (Multiuser diversity)

Ch
Qu
al

MS1
MS2

MS3

MS4

Data Queue
at NodeB

Balance
fairness
throughput
delay

Downlink Scheduling

time
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HSDPA Scheduling and

Retransmissions
Scheduling

Done at the Node B

No interaction with the RNC
Based on Channel Quality Feedback from the
UE

Retransmissions

H-ARQ (link level retransmissions)

Based on UE feedback (ACK/NAK)
Done at the Node B
Soft combining at the UE
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HSDPA Channels

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HSDPA Performance
Maximum Theoretical
Data Rate:
Summary

14.4 Mbps

Practical Peak User Data Rate:

10.0 Mbps

Virtually impossible to obtain in the field.

Full capability UE
Good RF conditions (High Cell Geometry)
Single UE

Dedicated HSDPA carrier

Significant Performance Gains over Release 99

Peak Data Rate

Cell Throughput

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HSUPA
(High Speed Uplink Packet Access )

What is HSUPA?

Enhancement of 3GPP W-CDMA specification

Targeting throughput enhancement (Uplink)
Providing peak data rate up to 5.76 Mbps
Upload of photo/movie, on-site live reporting, etc.

Technologies (Similar to HSDPA, under control of NodeB)

Use of Uplink shared channel

QPSK transmission
QAM Rele.7
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Hybrid ARQ
Effective packet scheduling algorithm
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High Speed Uplink Packet Access

(HSUPA)

Set of high speed channels is received at the Node B.

Interference is shared by multiple users.
Several users may be allowed to transmit at given data rate
and power on a fast scheduling
Maximum data rate of 5.76 Mbps

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HSUPA Operation
1.

The UE sends a Transmission

Request to the Node B for
getting resources.

2. The Node B responds to the UE

with a Grant Assignment, thus
allocating uplink band to the UE.
3. The UE uses the grant to select
appropriate transport format for
the Data Transmission to the
Node B.
4. The Node B attempts to decode
the received data and send
ACK/NAK to the UE. In case of
NAK, data may be
retransmitted.

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HSUPA Channels

HSUPA Uplink Channels

Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH)

Downlink Physical Channel

E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH)

Uplink Control Channel

HSUPA Downlink Channels

E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH)

Uplink Physical Channel

E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH)

Uplink Transport Channel

Downlink Physical Channel

E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH)

Downlink Physical Channel

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HSUPA Channel Mapping

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HSDPA/HSUPA Summary

HSDPA and HSUPA offer Significant Performance

Gains over Release 99

Peak Data Rate

Cell Throughput

Theoretical Maximum: 14.4/5.74 Mbps

(Downlink/Uplink)
Improved Spectral Efficiency
Fast Scheduling and Improved Link Adaptation

Delay

Reduced Latency

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Goals For HSPA+ In Release 7

Enhancements in Release 7 will enable:

Reduced latency
Higher user throughput
Higher system capacity
Extended talk time
Faster call setup

It is important to achieve these goals with

minimal changes to software, hardware,
and network architecture, ensuring
backward compatibility.
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HSPA+ Features in Release 7

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MIMO and Higher Order Modulation

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Release 7 HSPA+ introduced support for 2x2 MIMO on

Downlink.
Especially useful in low geometry (beam-forming) and high
geometry (spatial multiplexing) regions, in presence of multipath.
With MIMO, peak data rate supported on Downlink is 28 Mbps.

Higher Order Modulation (HOM)

HOM schemes provide higher data rates, especially for users in

good cell geometry and users with Uplink power headroom.
HOM complements MIMO by providing line of sight
improvements
64 QAM in Downlink allows peak data rates of 21 Mbps.
16 QAM in Uplink allows peak data rates of 11 Mbps.

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Higher Order Modulations in Release 7

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Higher Order Modulation in Release 7

One of the features introduced in Release 7 is the use of

Higher Order Modulations (HOM) for both HSDPA and
HSUPA, to sustain higher peak data rate in areas with
high SNR.
In particular:

For the Downlink, 64-QAM modulation is introduced,

allowing 6 bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer
and increasing the theoretical peak data rate from 14.4
Mbps to 21.6 Mbps.
For the Uplink, 16-QAM modulation is introduced, allowing
4 bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer and
increasing the theoretical peak data rate from 5.7 Mbps to
11.4 Mbps.

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HSPA+ Advantages

Cost effective upgrade

Can be selectively deployed in areas with high demand

for data and for voice

HSPA is being widely deployed. HSPA+ can leverage

existing assets:
Cell Sites, UTRAN, and Core Network.
Deployment of HSPA+ will provide an edge in terms of time
to deploy.
Selective deployment based upon needs can be easily
achieved.

Backward Compatibility

Backward compatible with existing UTRA.

No dedicated spectrum needed.
R99, R5/R6, HSPA, and HSPA+ devices operate on the
same network.

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Evolution of HSPA Maximum

Peak Bit Rate

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