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Fresh Water in
Lakes, Rivers and Reservoirs
(Metric teaspoon 5.4 mL)
Hydrologic Cycle
In a global sense, the occurrence,
distribution and movement of water
in the natural environment can be
visualized through a cyclic process
known as the hydrologic cycle.
Hydrologic System
Precipitation
Hydrologic System
Subsystems:
- Atmospheric (Meteorology)
- Hydrosphere (Hydrology)
- Lithosphere (earth contents)
Processes:
- Evaporation/Evapotranspiration
- Precipitation
- Streamflow
Components of Hydrologic
Cycle
736 mm/yr
6,405 km3/yr
Evapotranspiration
69.3% of Precipitation
23.4% of Precipitation
Groundwater Flow
7.3% of Precipitation
* Based on Data by
Wurbs & James Water
Resources Engineering
Effect of Climate
Climate Affects Rainfall
Magnitude
Frequency
Impact on Flooding
Ecosystem Health
Dry Period
Wet Periods
Flood Events
www.bom.gov.au/climate/environ/other/kpn_all.shtml
Seasonality Index
1
SI
R
SI
12
j 1
Median Annual
Rainfall (mm/yr)
R
Xj
12
Climate
Melbourne 0.160
644
Brisbane
0.390
1118
Perth
0.788
744
Darwin
0.909
1617
Equatorial
Sydney
0.217
1171
Global Warming
Greenhouse Effect
Impact on Hydrology
Economic Loss
Loss of Life
Precipitation
All liquid and frozen water that falls from the
atmosphere to the earths surface.
R Wurbs & WP James Water Resources Engineering
Precipitation
Liquid Droplets Initially Form Clouds or Fog
Liquid Drops Become Larger
Collision and Coalescence
Precipitation Occurs
Fall Velocity Exceeds Rising Rate of Air
Convective Precipitation
Solar Heated Air Rises
Takes up Water Vapour
Warm Moist Air Becomes Unstable
Pronounced Vertical Currents Develop
Convective Precipitation
Orographic Precipitation
Moist Air is Lifted Over Mountain Barriers
A Mechanical Process which Requires
Moist Air
Appropriate Air Currents
A High Land Mass Barrier
Orographic Precipitation
Cyclonic Precipitation
Air Movement
www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/cgi_bin_scripts/annual-monthly-rainfall.cgi
Precipitation Measurement
Varies Spatially
Varies Temporally
Daily Rain Gauge
Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall Hyetograph
www.usatoday.com/weather/wrngauge.htm
www.usatoday.com/weather/wtipgage.htm
Rainfall Hyetograph
Time Interval ??
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
The Catchment
Area of Land that Contributes Runoff to
the Outlet
Based on Topography
Defined by Contours
Water Runs Down Hill (Generally)
Catchment Outlet
Sub-Catchment Outlet
Hydrologic Processes
Direct Runoff
Abstractions
Losses of Precipitation
Streamflow
BaseFlow
Direct Runoff
Runoff that Flows Directly to Outlet
Rainfall Excess
Rainfall Volume that Leads to Direct
Runoff
Includes
Interflow
Surface Runoff
Abstractions/Losses
Losses Collectively, that part of the rainfall that
does not show up as runoff.
Abstractions: Interception, Surface Storage,
Depression Storage and infiltration.
Losses of Precipitation
Interception
Depression Storage
Infiltration
Interception
Interception storage is that portion of the
rainfall that is intercepted by trees,
plants, obstacles, and vegetation before it
can reach the ground.
Interception occurs in the initial part of
the storm and eventually the intercepting
surfaces become wet ( maximum holding
capacity)
Depression Storage
That part of the rainfall prevented from
becoming runoff by being trapped in small
puddles and depressions on the ground
surface.
It can occur over pervious and impervious
surfaces.
The water stored in the depressions will
evaporate/infiltrate eventually.
Infiltration
The flow of water into the ground through the
earths surface.
Experimental Measurement
Infiltration Rates
Stream Classifications
Ephemeral
Perennial
Intermittent
(m)
(m2)
Runoff Hydrograph
Rainfall Hyetograph
Total Rainfall = 95 mm
Rainfall Excess = 45.48 mm
Streamflow Measurement
Temporal Variation in Discharge
Determine Rating Curve for Stream
Stage/Discharge Curve
Water Surface Elevation (Stage) vs Discharge
Rating Curve
Rating Curve
Flow in Main Channel Only
Stream Gauging
Stream Gauging
Measuring Velocity
Logarithmic Velocity Profile
Vav
Average Velocity
V20